teaching grammar with technology, learner training is important as well. Students may need to be
trained on learning with resources or tools that they’ve encountered previously for non-educational
purposes. One framework outlining the skills needed by learners is the framework for developing
collaborative autonomous language learning abilities in computer-mediated contexts (Kessler &
Bikowski, 2010). The interactionist theory of SLA—which
focuses on input, noticing, and interaction—
can also be useful in designing CALL materials that place grammar in context. A number of guidelines are
available for educators as they make these decisions.
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