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competition is more important than the exclusivity of the effective result, rather
than the standardized reception of it – in the second (although, of course, as
repeated examples show, an exclusive result may be obtained in the course of
standardized scientific routines). This circumstance, by the way, allows historian
conspirologist A.I. Fursov to assert about "two types of science": "conscientious
profane", and that "for which good money is paid to customers of super
technologies"; However, in essence, these are two sides of one tradition: the
university "science of discovery", without being related to the supertask, bears its
know how to profit to the capitalist who sees in this know how the moment of
demand. This is the science of innovations, the science of what is "young, and
early." This is what, combined with finance, ultimately deepens the division of
labor systems and destroys not in-depth. In its turn, the academic "science of
standards and licenses", not being connected with its original, Rudolphin, super-
goal, is aimed at the predominantly state support of professional spheres and
public institutions that ensure the right to extract income from knowledge and
competencies;
in this latter case, there is a salary for the
application of knowledge
that embodies the labor of receiving them (primarily, development), including the
use of means of providing this labor, obtained from PTM also on the basis of
knowledge obtained by labor. The knowledge and competences acquired, in this
case, by scientific means, by their
familiarization (training), grow in the price of
training them as the demand for their application in the society grows. What is
radically different from the knowledge acquired through the
formation
(fundamental or combinatorial – in the sense of P.Druker), since those can not be
obtained within the routine of the educational process. At the same time, if we
accept that the system-scientific activity (and the system-scientific formation of
the PTM) is carried out collectively, the labor of formation or acquisition of
knowledge accumulated in the sources of scientific documentation, in the sense
of the non-economic division of labor into natural and technological, those, and
others, because in science are important as creative predispositions and favoring
life experience, and the systematic routine of scientific teams.
So, we have the following object-conceptual oppositions on various grounds, in
the coordinates of which it turns out to be possible to speak about the knowledge
economy:
on the basis of knowledge acquisition – formation and familiarization;
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on the basis of scientific (science intensive) competition – effectiveness and
criteriality;
on the basis of the method of financing – investment-venture and
distribution-industry;
on the basis of the division of scientific labor – natural
and technological;
on the basis of the formation of PTM – natural
and system-scientific;
on the basis of labor-intensive technologies – high labor intensity and low
labor intensity.
Concerning these coordinates, one can talk about the ways of developing science,
similar to the ways in which the division of labor systems are developed, by
speculating on the possibilities of realizing this potential in poor and small
countries (according to the above optimistic hypothesis of V.Easterley).
The main trend in the development of technology over the past several hundred
years is the reduction in the labor intensity of technology; However, with the
growth of unemployment and the emergence of a resource deficit, the task of
creating production and technological chains in which a scarce resource would be
expanded by labor, and the chain itself would contain a significant number of
working positions, is actualized. At the same time, increasing the technological
complexity does not necessarily imply a decline in productivity, since labor is
ultimately divided; in addition, more labor-intensive technologies can be new,
that is, by going in exchange for the old, to be more effective
6
.
The question of approaches to science in neoconomics in the aspect of
the concept of the model
Before continuing, I would like to say that some of the topics put on hold can
become relevant again under the influence of radical research programs, brought
to life by the stringent demands of the times.
In the course of studying the concepts of "neoconomics" O.V. Grigoriev, set out in
16 lectures in "Shaninka",
I had arguments that, in my opinion, are very important
for understanding the scientific and methodological foundations of these
6
An example of a technology with labor intensity reduced in the framework of the entire economic system – a
tractor, an example of a technology with increased labor intensity (again, within the whole system) – nitrogen
fertilizers (for their production it is necessary to create a high level of division of interindustry labor, occupying
many people).