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Promoting low carbon transPort in india
Low Carbon City:
A Guidebook for City Planners and Practitioners
Figure 4: Global Emission Pathways
In many developing countries, per capita emissions from fossil fuels and industry are still much lower
compared to developed countries. In 2011, India’s per capita emissions were 1.6 tonnes, compared to
per capita 17.3 tonnes in U.S.A, 7.5 tonnes in EU-27, 9.8 tonnes in Japan, 7.2 tonnes in China, and 2
tonnes in Indonesia (PBL, 2012). However, future emission trends (Figure 4) show that the share, in the
global emissions, of the emissions from developed (Annex I) countries shall decrease, while the share of
emissions from developing (Non-Annex I) countries shall continue to rise. Therefore, achieving the global
goal of stabilising climate change at 2°C, duly and cost-effectively (UNFCCC, Article 3.2),will require
the participation of all nations (Satterthwaite, 2010). The universal participation, though necessary from
an economic efficiency perspective, would require leadership of developed countries (UNFCCC Article
3.1), equitable sharing of the burden of climate change mitigation, adaptation and impacts (Shukla, 1999;
Shukla, 2005) and suitable transfers of technology and financing from a fairness perspective.
3.4 Global carbon price
A market for trading carbon dioxide emissions rights was established during the past decade, following
the Kyoto Protocol. The carbon price, i.e., the price of a tradable carbon dioxide emissions right, is
similar to a tax on carbon emissions. The long-term carbon price signal is vital for making economically
optimal choices in the public and private investments for cities, e.g., the level of investments in the
mass transport infrastructures, which would deliver lower carbon emissions over a long-term period.
Future carbon price trajectories are projected by the integrated assessment models. There is no single
estimate for the global carbon price due to uncertainties associated with socioeconomic scenarios (GDP
growth, population, etc.) and development of technologies (e.g., CCS, nuclear, solar, gasification, etc.).
For example, an integrated assessment model (IAM) study (Rogelj
et al., 2013) reports that a CO
2
Global CO
2
emissions
from energy use
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