Paranormal beliefs, religious beliefs and personality correlates

Appendix 5: Raw data.

The raw data are available on request.

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1 The traditional definition of the term ‘paranormal’ that French (1992) refers to only includes ESP and PK. ESP is defined as ‘paranormal cognition: the acquisition of information about an external event, object, or influence (mental or physical; past, present, or future) in some way other than through any of the known sensory channels’. This term subsumes telepathy (direct mind to mind contact), clairvoyance (acquisition of information relating to remote objects or events), and precognition (knowledge of future events other than by ordinary deduction). PK or psychokinesis is defined as ‘paranormal action; the influence of mind on a physical system that cannot be entirely accounted for by the mediation of any known physical energy’. PK is often subdivided into micro-PK, defined as ‘any psychokinetic effect that requires statistical analysis for its demonstration. Sometimes used to refer to PK that has as its target a quantum mechanical system’ and macro-PK, defined as ‘any psychokinetic effect that does not require statistical analysis for its demonstration; sometimes used to refer to PK that has as its target a system larger than quantum mechanical processes, including microorganisms, dice, as well as larger objects’.

2 The Spanish Inquisition was used for both political and religious reasons. Spain is a nation-state that was born out of religious struggle between numerous different belief systems including Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism and Judaism. Following the Crusades and the Reconquest of Spain by the Christian Spaniards the leaders of Spain needed a way to unify the country into a strong nation. Ferdinand and Isabella chose Catholicism to unite Spain and in 1478 asked permission of the pope to begin the Spanish Inquisition to purify the people of Spain. They began by driving out Jews, Protestants and other non-believers.

3 Transcendence is effectively the belief of having existence outside of the created, physical world.

4 The PCBS was originally administered in Dutch but has since been translated into English. The translation was done according to the guidelines of the International Test Commission (Hambleton, 1994), using the back-translation procedure (Brislin, 1980). Differences between the back-translated and the original version were minimal. A committee of bilingual research assistants decided on the final English version (Van de Vijver and Lueng, 1997).

5 Note: although the sample size is smaller than is sometimes considered adequate for multiple regression, the sample size is in advance of the minimum number outlined by Bruce, Kemp and Snelgar (2003) of five times as many participants as predictor variable: the observed ratio is an acceptable 11 to 1.

6 The equation for this simple model is Y’ = 99.28 + 0.26X where X is an individual’s paranormal belief score and Y’ is the best prediction of their religiosity score