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22
C.
Building blocks of Integrated Circuits
When the students are familiar with the
process, the circuit primitives are presented,
again, along with their technology constraints.
Field effect transistors are described in details,
along with the available elements, like resistor
and capacitor types, inductors inductivity, and
other elements. The differences between the
designed and manufactured shapes and their
behavior (mismatch) are analyzed together
with the sources/reasons of the various
differences.
D.
Design flows
After presenting the IC CAD tools in a
historical scope, the analog and digital design
flows are described. These flows are rather the
same at their basic level, but advancing in the
hierarchy of design reuse, diverge
significantly. The description form and
techniques of functionality, parasitic effects
and their simulation are shown. In the digital
flow the synthesis from standardized cells and
modeling the wire/gate delays are the main
issues. In the analog design flow, the
functionality is used in a much broader sense
in solution space, and besides the caracteristics
of a correct circuit, the manufacturing
mismatch effects and their mitigation
techniques are treated as well. Furthermore, a
complete lesson is devoted to simulation
techniques (e.g. SPICE) as understanding
these methods and their limits is a key of the
design process.
E.
Power consumption and low power design
Nowadays a key problem is the power
consumption of ICs. This topic covers the
reasons why circuits consume power, the
difference between static and dynamic power.
The technologies of reducing both types are
introduced – such as manufacturing,
architectural, and software solutions.
F.
Image sensors and their design
As a good and useful example of other than
digital processor technologies, the image
sensor design solutions are presented. The
difference between CMOS and CCD sensors
and their several circuit details are listed along
with X-ray, IR imagers.
Figure 2. Image sensor chip microphoto.
G.
MEMS technologies
Another important IC class is that of the
micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS).
Today, complex MEMS are created
integrating moving and electronic parts. A
survey is given in this lecture about the
manufacturing styles – bulk or surface MEMS,
problems that can be solved by these
architectures, and the supporting CAD tools as
well.
Figure 3. A MEMS test circuit, the course gives
details how these circuits are manufactured.
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Figure 4. A photo of an integrated circuit that has
been designed by the student of this course. More
than a dozen students’ contribution is integrated in
this 180 nm CMOS circuit. They have been
designed and later on tested their work in the
practice.
H.
3D integration methods
As a final step towards integrated systems,
the 3D integration processes is introduced. The
motivations, e.g. integrating different
technologies, and the main approaches are
discussed in details. Several challenges and the
drawbacks are emphasized too.
III.
C
ONCLUSIONS
There is a hope that this course will fulfill
its role to give a deep knowledge and wide
perspective of integrated circuit design, and
will attract more students to this field.
World of Molecules
Kristóf Iván
Pázmány Péter Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology
Budapest, Hungary
ivan.kristof@itk.ppke.hu
Péter Mátyus, Balázs Balogh, Gábor Krajsovszky
Semmelweis University
Department of Organic Chemistry
Budapest, Hungary
[peter.matyus, balazs.balogh, gabor.krajsovszky]@szerves.sote.hu
Summary — World of molecules is a subject
using bottom-up approach to basic inorganic
and organic chemistry. This slide series starts
at the smallest level of building blocks for
chemical elements and develops step-by-step
into the full description of states of matter
through detailed description of the constituents
of chemical compounds and their rules of in-
teraction and reaction. Furthermore, a basic
introduction to organic chemistry is also pre-
sented along with introductory molecular mod-
eling and simulation to understand drug re-
search tasks. The main aim of this course is to
introduce students to the modern aspects and
uses of molecules and through that the useful-
ness of chemistry.
Keywords - electron; molecule; compounds;
states of matter; mixtures; electrochemistry;
thermodynamics; reactions; spectroscopy; no-
menclature; reaction modeling; computer aided
chemistry; drug research; chemical synthesis;
molecular modeling
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
The structured bottom-up approach of mo-
lecular physico-chemistry is presented in this
slide series titled World of molecules. Defin-
ing the building blocks of atoms we can derive
compounds, interactions, reactions and pro-
cesses on the molecular level. Based on this
knowledge we present detailed analysis of
drug research and development. Organic
chemistry laboratory procedures are detailed in
order to introduce students to the “making” of
the molecules. Introduction to chemical and
drug research literature is also featured. Alto-
gether this is presented in approximately 1100
slides.
II.
W
ORLD OF MOLECULES
I.
I
NORGANIC CHEMISTRY
A.
Periodic System of Elements
From the history of elements, we introduce
elementary particles and fundamental interac-
tions, next the structure of atoms through
Rutherford’s scattering experiment, Bohr-
Sommerfeld model and organized into the
Periodic table of elements.
B.
Properties of Atoms
Starting from the nucleus, isotopes, tables
of isotopes, radioactivity, decay modes, Bohr-
Sommerfeld model, the quantum numbers,
electron structure, and some examples are pre-
sented.
C.
Dual Nature of Electrons
By introducing the dual nature of light, and
considering the particle nature of electron, we
get to the wave nature of electrons (by de
Broglie), thus the particle-wave duality con-
cept of electrons is presented, which is de-
scribed by the Schrödinger equation. Solving
the equation for different systems: the wave
functions of the electron in 1D, the wave func-
tions of the electron in a harmonic oscillator,
the wave functions of the electron in 3D, the
wave functions of the electron in the Hydro-
gen atom.
D.
Properties of Chemical Bonds,
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy can be divided into absorp-
tion spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy.
Chemical properties of atoms is introduced,
types of chemical bondings, basic properties of
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