Pathology of lung, upper airways and pleura

Acute infections

• 1. „common cold“
• rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza virus
• self-limiting diseases
• 2. acute tonsilitis
• beta-hemolytic Streptococci, adenoviruses
• peritonsillar abscess
• post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
• acute rheumatic fever
• 3. herpangina
• Coxsackievirus A
• 4. infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

Acute infections

• 5. acute epiglottitis !!!
• young children
• H. influenzae
• airway obstruction – tracheotomy x lethal
• 6. acute laryngitis
• air irritants, allergic
• diphtheria – pseudomembranous l. (aspiration)
• TBC

Sinonasal tumors

• 1. squamous cell papilloma
• benign, HPV 6, 11, recurrence (inverted type)
• 2. squamous cell carcinoma – HR-HPV (20 %)
• 3. adenocarcinoma
• 4. olfactory neuroblastoma
• 5. malignant lymphomas
• extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type

Nasopharyngeal tumors

• 1. angiofibroma
• young boys
• benign x locally destructive + bleeding
• 2. keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
• 3. nonkeratinizing carcinoma (lymphoepithelial carcinoma)
• EBV, China
• 4. malignant lymphomas

Non-neoplastic laryngeal lesions

• vocal cord nodules
• heavy smokers, singers, teachers
• true vocal cords, 0.5 cm

Benign laryngeal tumors

• squamous papilloma
• benign
• true vocal cords
• soft excrescence, 1cm
• children – multiple
• juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis
• HPV 6, 11
• spontaneous regress

Malignant laryngeal tumors

• laryngeal carcinoma (2% of all carcinomas)
• > 40 years
• M : F … 7 : 1
• smoking + alcohol
• 95% squamous cell carcinomas
• dysplasia  carcinoma in situ  invasive Ca
• grey plaque  ulceration
• glottic (60-75%) -  prognosis
• supraglottic (25-40%) -  prognosis
• subglotic (5%) -  prognosis