Plan: Historical geographical formation of Bukhara oasis. Information from primary written sources. Narshahi's work "History of Bukhara". The first archaeological data of Russian researchers of the XIX century

Preliminary archaeological information about Bukhara oasis
The Bukhara oasis is the central region of the Bukhara emirate and is remote; it was not possible to carry out archaeological investigations in this place until that time. In particular, the rulers of Bukhara, representatives of the Islamic religion, forbade the excavation of monuments in the country. On the world scale, research of ancient cultural monuments from an archaeological point of view began in the 17th-18th centuries, but in our country, these works began only at the beginning of the 20th century. Until then, material information about the oasis was collected by Russian tourists and reported to the scientific community. Negri, who was the Russian ambassador in 1820, collected a number of data and gave them to researchers Eversman and Meyendorff. This information is presented in their work. Special preliminary archeological information about the Bukhara oasis was provided by the British government agent A.Borns. His information about "A place called Khodja Obon" and the classification of coins found around this place are presented in the work of Wilson and Prinsep published in London in 1839. These works are devoted to the information of "Travels in Asia" (Bukhara, Kabul, Iran, India) of 1831-33 (Volume II, 455-473 b). A number of information about Bukhara were collected by naturalist Leman and orientalist Nikolay Khannikov in 1840, participating in the expedition of mountain engineers Butenev and Bogaslavsky. In 1843, Nikolai Khannikov published a work entitled "Description of the Khanate of Bukhara" in St. Petersburg. After the conquest of Bukhara Emirate by Russia in 1868, the number of people studying and researching this country increased. Until the middle of the 90s of the 19th century, the weight of research from an archaeological point of view was not so great.
In addition to direct excavation of a site, archaeological research includes collecting, collecting objects, inspecting monuments, measuring and repairing. Only the works of Wilson and Prinstep and the numismatist Friend, who was able to distinguish the coins of Bukhara for the first time, can be singled out. In 1840, this scientist published a scientific analysis of several coins of Bukhara gods . In 1822, academician Keller studied Bukhara coins and published an article entitled "Ancient medals brought from Bukhara" in the collection of "Sibirsky vestnik" (Sibirsky vestnik I kiem 1824, p. 9-18). PILerx also devoted his valuable work to the study of the coins of the Bukhara gods. Lerkh's article entitled "Coins of Bukhorkhudotlar" published in the collection of the Eastern Department of the "Russian Archeological Society" was distinguished by its richness of scientific considerations (Works of the Eastern Department of the Russian Archaeological Society, St. Petersburg 1875).
In the works of Russian and foreign scientists, coins of Bukhara were described along with Arabic legends and stories. Such information can be seen in the work of V. Tizenhausen (V. Tizenhausen "Coins of the Eastern Caliphate ­". Petersburg, 1873).
This author makes a mistake by interpreting the coins of Bukhara Khudot as coins of the Arab caliphate. Or, in the numismatic department of the Hermitage, it is grouped by Fran as "Coins of Turkic khans from the Afrosiyab clan". It was never understood that the Turkic khans were not of the Afrosiyab clan.
At the end of the 19th century, the military topographer NFSitniakovsky came to Bukhara and did a series of photography. He was the first researcher who made direct archaeological observations in the Bukhara oasis. This researcher was not an archaeologist and a historian, but a military engineer. He was also interested in the monuments found throughout the oasis during the mapping process. Villages, ditches, and hills in the oasis have historical architectural monuments - mosques, madrasahs, houses, prayer rooms, and cisterns. Campirak wall is correctly included in the map. For the first time, the wall that surrounded the Bukhara Voxa and protected it from the surrounding settlers was recorded on topographical maps. The wall was definitely not in its original form when Sitnyakovsky saw it and made inspections. In some places 1 mit was in the form of a long hill, from 80 cm and up to 1.20 cm. It required great knowledge and skill from the scientist to mark it correctly on the map.
The mapping of the old wall is of great importance, and the wall played an important role in defining the boundaries of the Bukhara oasis in the early Middle Ages. The wall started from the village of Hazora and covered the entire Bukhara oasis from the Gijduvan desert to Vobkent, Shofirkon, Romitan, Jondor, Bukhara region, Kogon and Kiziltepa. The wall was built in IV-V centuries AD. During this period, there was a period of great migration of peoples throughout Eurasia. Yakkatut village was considered the outermost border of Kampirak. The shape of the campirak wall is compared to a horseshoe. Yakhyo Gulomov, Khalilullo Muhammadov, A. Muhammadjonov studied this wall. This wall included 15 of the 22 rustaks of Bukhara (Rustak - district).
It was especially valuable to determine the boundary of the irrigated lands on the wall where the wall was built. Sitnyakovsky visited a number of towns and ancient defense structures. His special service was in the complete description of the irrigation system of the oasis. The report was sent to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1896.
In studying the history and archeology of Bukhara, the work "History of Bukhara" by M. Narshakhi, translated by NSLikoshin under the editorship of BVBartold, is of great importance. In one of the footnotes in this book, VVBartold mentioned Varakhsha for the first time in scientific literature and tried to indicate its location. In Barthold's work "Turkestan during the Mongol invasion" he paid great attention to the description of Bukhara and its surroundings.
At the beginning of the 20th century, during the archaeological excavations conducted in Samarkand by NNVeselovsky, VLVyatkin, VVBartold and others, a lot of material evidence, and most importantly, preliminary experiments on the specific aspects of the methodology of archaeological investigations for the Central Asian conditions, began to be collected. Until VLVyatkin, not much great work was done in the field of archeology. In 1911-12, Vyatkin studied Afrosyab. However, the methodology of archaeological investigations had not yet been developed. There was no official archaeological periodization. Nevertheless, the excavations in Afrosiyab and Kokhna Marv created conditions for the development of archeology, especially the archeology of Central Asia as a science.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first archaeological excavations were carried out in the Bukhara oasis. In 1913-15, the investigations carried out by LAZimin, who had the education of a historian and orientalist, were distinguished by the wealth of high scientific judgments based on scientific-methodological preparation (Works of the Russian Archaeological Society Shark Department, St. Petersburg 1875). In the works of Russian and foreign scientists, coins of Bukhara were described along with Arabic legends and stories. Such information can be seen in the work of W. Tizenhausen (W. Tizenhausen " Coins of the Eastern Caliph ­". Petersburg, 1873).
This author makes a mistake by interpreting the coins of Bukhara Khudot as coins of the Arab caliphate. Or, in the numismatic department of the Hermitage, it is grouped by Fran as "Coins of Turkic khans from the Afrosiyab clan". It was never understood that the Turkic khans were not of the Afrosiyab clan.
At the end of the 19th century, the military topographer NFSitniakovsky came to Bukhara and did a series of photography. He was the first researcher who made direct archaeological observations in the Bukhara oasis . This researcher was not an archaeologist and a historian , but a military engineer . He was also interested in the monuments found throughout the oasis while mapping the sites . Villages, ditches, and hills in the oasis have historical architectural monuments - mosques, madrasahs, houses, prayer rooms, and cisterns. Campirak wall is now correctly placed on the map. The wall that surrounded the Bukhara oasis in the early Middle Ages and protected it from the surrounding settlers was the first to be recorded on topographical maps. The wall was definitely not in its original form when Sitnyakovsky saw it and made inspections. In some places 1 mit was in the form of a long hill, from 80 cm and up to 1.20 cm. It required great knowledge and skill from the scientist to mark it correctly on the map.
The mapping of the old wall is of great importance. and the wall played an important role in defining the boundary of the Bukhara oasis in the early Middle Ages. The wall started from the village of Hazora and covered the entire Bukhara oasis from the Gijduvan desert to Vobkent, Shofirkon, Romitan, Jondor, Bukhara region, Kogon and Kiziltepa. The wall was built in IV-V centuries AD. During this period, there was a period of great migration of peoples throughout Eurasia . Yakkatut village was considered the outermost border of Kampirak. The shape of the campirak wall is compared to a horseshoe. Yakhyo Ghulomov, Khalilullo Muhammadov, A. Muhammadjonov studied this wall. This wall included 15 of the 22 rustaks of Bukhara (Rustak - district). It was especially valuable to finally determine the boundaries of the irrigated lands on the wall on which the wall was built. Sitniakovsky examined a number of towns, ancient defense structures. His special service was in the complete description of the irrigation system of the oasis. The report was sent to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1896.
In studying the history and archeology of Bukhara, the work "History of Bukhara" by M. Narshakhi, translated by NSLikoshin under the editorship of BVBartold, is of great importance. In one of the comments in this book, VVBartold mentioned Varakhsha for the first time in scientific literature and tried to indicate its location. In Barthold's work "Turkestan during the Mongol invasion" he paid great attention to the description of Bukhara and its surroundings.
At the beginning of the 20th century, during the archaeological excavations conducted in Samarkand by NNVeselovsky, VLVyatkin, VVBartold and others, a lot of material evidence, and most importantly, preliminary experiments on the specific aspects of the methodology of archaeological investigations for the Central Asian conditions, began to be collected. Until VLVyatkin, not much work was done in the field of archeology. In 1911-12, Vyatkin studied Afrosyab. However, the methodology of archaeological investigations had not yet been developed. There was no official archaeological periodization. Nevertheless, the excavations in Afrosiyab and Kokhna Marv created conditions for the development of archeology, especially the archeology of Central Asia as a science.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first archaeological excavations were carried out in the Bukhara oasis. In 1913-15, the investigations carried out by LAZimin, who had the education of a historian and orientalist, were carried out at a high level based on scientific and methodological preparation . However, in his work, guesswork - partisanship, without defining the specific goals and tasks of the work, and being unfamiliar with field work techniques were visible.
the excavations, this researcher thoroughly studied the historical written sources about the monuments and had precise scientific concepts and ideas. Only then did he begin his preliminary research in the Bukhara oasis. In 1913-15, he made several reconnaissance trips. In particular, he painted the remains of the ancient wall between Kiziltepa and Hazora. Several ancient cities and hills have been visited and collected tangible evidence. In particular, he went to Poykend, Korgon Romitan, and visited those places . Varakhshani has included it in his report, specifying its location . But he did not reach and see Varakhsha . He went from Varakhsha to a place called Qal'ai Mallabek , located in 3- cha Shara 4 km, and returned from there . Due to the fact that Zimin did not reach the territory of Varakhsha, it is mistakenly shown that the Wall of Kampirak passes by Castle Mallabek and Castle Siminch . Spring of 1914 and during the summer, after some preparation, he conducted an archaeological investigation in Poykend . While inspecting the part of Shahristan , he found objects related to the end of the life of the city . This work was done without a plan and no historical conclusions were made.
Books:

1. I. Karimov. The future burden without historical memory. T., 1998.
2. Narshahi. History of Bukhara. T., 1993.
3. IK Nazarov, I.Sh. Allayarov. Bukhara is geographical. Bukhara., ' 1994.'
4. Arrina. Pokhod Alexandra. M., 1962.
5. A.R.Muhammadjanov. The history of mining of the Lower Zarafshan Valley . T., 1972.
The first written source of the book "Avesta" - our history and spirituality (materials of the scientific seminar). Tashkent., 2000.
7. A. R. Muhammadjonov. The city of Bukhara is 2500 years old. T., 1998.