110
Gravitation
A: The open field lines of the E-field and the closed field lines of
the H-field of an electrically charged particle (e.g. e-)
B: The closed field lines of the E-field and H-field of an electrically
uncharged particle (e.g. of the neutron n°).
Gravitation is a result of the influence of the field lines with a closed
course running parallel to the surface of the particles on the
dimensions of the space, in which they are.
Fig. 6.9: The influence of the closed field lines of the H-field.
theory of objectivity __________________________________________________________111
6.9 Gravitation
For uncharged, neutral particles (neutron, atom, molecule etc.) both the magnetic and the
perpendicular on them standing electric field lines have a closed course. Now both run
parallel to the surface of the particle (fig. 6.9 B).
As is said, the density of field lines with a closed course can't be influenced from the
outside. If we approach a particle, the consequence of an increase of the density without
exception is a decrease of the linear measures and thus a larger force of attraction. For this
case of field lines with a closed course, for which in general it doesn't give a field
attenuation and no forces of repulsion, there holds:
Gravitation is a result of the influence of the field lines with a closed course running
parallel to the surface of the particles on the dimensions of the space, in which they are.
Both interactions logically have an infinite range. Both form a whole in the influence of
the fields on the size conditions.
It surely is of the greatest importance that for this derivation of the field dependency of the
Lorentz contraction from the known equations of transformation of the electromagnetic
field we could do completely without the introduction of new factors of description or
neglects.
Solely by consistent derivation and interpretation of the result the unification already has
suceeded and the electromagnetic interaction and the gravitation could, with the derived
field dependent Lorentz contraction, be traced back to a single basic phenomenon. Doing
so we have to pay attention to the fact that the observer is subjected to the same Lorentz
contraction as his measuring technique and therefore he can't see the field dependency at
all. Merely as being an exterior observer it in rare cases will be possible to him to see the
curvature of space in the presence of strong fields.
From this for an astronaut practical consequences result. If he namely would land on
Jupiter, he would think flat hills to be gigantic mountains, that small he would be! Vice
versa if he landed on the moon, high mountains would appear to be insignificant hills, not
because of wrong altitude readings of the terrestrial mission control and measurement
centre, but only because of his own body size. The astronauts of the Apollo missions were
not prepared for this circumstance and after their landing on the moon were completely
surprised, how little validity learned textbook physics has, hardly has one left the earth.
They have brought photographs with them which prove the Lorentz contraction to depend
on the field and therefore on gravitation.
The fact that force effects should arise from the interactions is an auxiliary concept and
auxiliary description of the observing person founded in pure usefulness. The Lorentz
force therefore shouldn't be regarded as cause anymore. It actually appears only as
property of the field factors. Seen this way it only would be consistent to do without space
charges and currents as a result of moving charges and to assume a source-free and
quanta-free field description (fig. 6.4: j = 0).
From an unified theory it is demanded that it besides the electromagnetic interaction and
the gravitation also is able to integrate the strong and the weak interaction. We will also
solve this problem.
112
Field dependent speed of light
Fig. 6.10: Diversion of the light by a strong gravitational field.
Speed of light of the wave: c = *f
(6.16)
For the wavelength holds (because of eq. 6.15):
From equation (6.16) follows (with f = constant):
E ~ 1/c
2
,
H ~ 1/c
2
The speed of light depends on the field!
(6.17)
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113
6.10 Field dependent speed of light
But not only matter is bent towards a gravitational field. If we only think of the much cited
phenomenon that the ray of light of a star is diverted towards the sun, if it passes very
close to the sun on its way to us, like this has been observed for the first time during an
eclipse of the sun in 1919 (fig. 6.10).
Quite obviously the field of the sun also slows down the speed of light. On the side of the
ray of light which is turned towards the sun, the field is somewhat larger and the speed of
light correspondingly is slower than on the side which is turned away, and with that the
ray of light changes its direction in the observable manner. Exactly this relation willingly
is interpreted as a consequence of a curvature of space.
The extremely strong field of a black hole can divert the light down to a circular path, in
order to in this way catch and bind it. The light now orbits the black hole like planets the
sun.
At this point the open-minded reader already might have tapped the confirmation of the
proportionality 6.2 (c ~ r), which has been derived from the vortex model (fig. 6.2).
The sceptic is offered still another derivation: for the borderline case that the relative
velocity v tends towards the speed of light c (fig. 6.6), according to equation 6.13 the
measurable overall field E
o
(and also H
o
) will go to zero and equation 6.12, with E
z
. = - E
(and H
z
= - H), will again turn into the wave equation (5.9*) after double differentiation
(fig. 6.4).
The speed v = c so to speak forms the escape velocity, with which the electromagnetic
wave runs away from the cosmic field. Under these circumstances of course neither an
attraction of masses nor an electromagnetic interaction can be exerted on the wave.
If E
0
goes to zero at the same time l
0
tends to infinity (equation 6.15, fig. 6.6): i.e. the
wave spreads all through space. This result entirely corresponds to the observations and
experiences.
For the wave length and in the end for the velocity of propagation c only the self-field of
the wave E resp. H is responsible. Because of
(6.16)
and the proportionality from equation 6.15:
(6.17*)
obtain the new relation:
(6.17)
If the speed of light in the presence of matter decreases, then we now also know why. It is
the field, which surrounds matter, that slows down the speed of light. Therefore a
gravitational field is able to divert a ray of light in the same manner as matter which flies
past. Finally moves the speed of light in the proportionality 6.17 to the place of the linear
measure (in 6.15).
But if the rule fails one will try to replace by an optical measurement arrangement. In this
manner the field dependency of the Lorentz contraction should be measurable; but it isn't!