Preface to the lecture, 1

118

 

spin and tunnel effect

 

Key questions of quantum physics (fig. 4.4 + continuation):

 

IV.  Why do the particles have the form of spheres?

 

(with increasing E-field decreases c)

 

VIII. Why is the elementary quantum localized?

 

(in the vortex centre: c = 0, see figures 4.3 and 6.2)

 

IX.

 

Why do the elementary particles have a spin? 

(spherical form demands field compensation)

 

X.

 

Why is the magnitude of the spin quantized? 

(cosmic basic field determines the need of E

z

)

 

XI.  Why can speeds faster than light occur in a

 

tunnel? ___________________________________

 

(a reduction of the cosmic basic field can only be realized 

locally in a tunnel)

 

to XI:

 

 

Fig. 6.13:      Consequences concerning the field 

dependency of the speed of light: spin effect and tunnel effect 

 

: Nimtz,G.: Instantanes Tunneln, Tunnelexperimente mit elektromagnetischen 

Wellen, Phys.B1.49, VCH Weinheim (1993) Nr.12, S. 1119-1120

<*>

 

: Thoma, P., Weiland.T.: Wie real ist das Instantane Tunneln? Phys.Bl.50, VCH 

Weinheim (1994) Nr.4, S. 359-361

<*>

 

<*>: The measurement results are in accord with the theory of objectivity, not 

however the contradictory attempts to interpret them  and  et al.

 

---

theory of objectivity

 

119

 

6.13 Spin and tunnel effect

 

Only with the field dependency of the speed of light (6.17) we can understand, why the 

elementary quanta can form as spheres, like is drawn in the figs 4.3 and 6.2. In the centre 

the field lines run together, i.e. the field increases and the speed of light decreases. Only 

in this way it will be possible for the vortex oscillation to everywhere occur with the speed

 

of light, even in the inside of the particle! In the centre of the vortex particle the field in 

theory will become infinitely large and the speed of light zero. This circumstance again is 

the foundation why the elementary particles are localized and it answers key question 

VIII of quantum physics. The absence of a speed after all is the characteristic of an

 

immobile thing.

 

The field dependency of the speed of light answers also further basic and up to today 

unanswered key questions of quantum physics, like why the elementary particles have a

 

spin (IX) and why the magnitude of the spin is quantized (X).

 

A vortex particle after all does not exist alone in the world, but it is in the field of other 

particles. We can call this the cosmic basic field (E resp. H). This basic field overlaps the

 

self-field and takes effect the strongest in the area of the spherical shell, where the self- 

field is correspondingly small. In order to keep the form of a sphere, this influence of the 

basic field has to be compensated. The additional field (E

z

 resp. H

z

 according to eq. 6.12) 

necessary for the compensation is produced by the particle, by rotating in a spiral around 

itself with a speed v which increases towards the outside of the spherical shell. Therefore 

does the elementary particles have a spin. The electron spin is therefore determined by the

 

cosmic basic field. 

Another effect of the field dependent speed of light is the tunnel effect. As an example we

 

consider the two differently charged particles shown in fig. 6.8 A. The open, outside of the 

particles running, field lines of the electric field are predominantly bent towards the each 

time oppositely charged particle. If another particle wants to pass between the two, then it 

gets into an area of increased field strength. As a consequence it will be slowed down, 

because here a smaller speed of light is present.

 

Water molecules show with their polar nature exactly this property. Water has a remar- 

kably high dielectricity e and slows down the speed of light correspondingly according to 

equation 5.6 (

= 1/c

2

). The refraction of light at the water surface is an observable result 

of the reduced speed of light in the presence of matter.

 

If we now examine the case in which the two particles have the same charge as is shown 

in fig. 6.8 B (and fig. 6.13 belonging to XI). The field lines repel each other, so that 

exactly in between the two particles a field free area forms, in which the speed of light 

goes to infinity! This area acts like a tunnel. If we send through a particle exactly here, 

then purely theoretically seen it won't need any time to run through the tunnel, and for a 

short time the signal becomes infinitely fast. 

If a particle hits only slightly besides the tunnel, then it will one-sidedly be slowed down

 

and diverted by the respective field. We call this process reflection or scattering. Only the 

few particles, which exactly hit the tunnel, arrive behind the hurdle and in the ideal case 

even almost without loss of time!

 

The current measurements of speeds faster than light demonstrate in a convincing manner 

the superiority of the field-theoretical approach with regard to the nowadays normally 

used quantum physical approach.

 

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