Principles of translation use of electronic means Translation memory

Typologies of Equivalence

• referential or denotative equivalence between the SL and TL words which refer to the same thing in the real world,
• in addition to connotative equivalence where the SL and the TL words are expected to trigger the same or similar associations in the minds of the native speakers of the two languages.
• text-normative equivalence in which the SL and TL words have the same effect on the SL and TL readers, which he also calls pragmatic equivalence
• dynamic equivalence which aspires at creating similar response on the TL readers, so as to make translation communicative as contrary
• to formal equivalence which underlies literal translation.

Four types of translation equivalence

• (1) linguistic equivalence: where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level in both the original and text;
• (2) paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis, the elements of grammar, which Popovic sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence;
• (3) stylistic equivalence, where there is 'functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning; and
• (4) textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text; i.e. 'equivalence' of form and shape.

The use of electronic means in translation Electronic dictionaries

• Electronic dictionaries are gaining in popularity with an increasing number of L2 learners and the development of technologies that makes it possible to develop new lexicographical on-line and off-line products meeting the demands of L1 and L2 students, lexicologists, translators, etc.
• The advantages of electronic dictionaries such as sophisticated searching, unlimited storage capability, speed and types of search, etc. are described. The paper also examines the types of electronic dictionaries and the effects of dictionary use on vocabulary acquisition under electronic dictionary conditions and the role of dictionary format in the retention of meaning and collocation