Research The Bayer Scientific Magazin, Edition 28
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use their TCRs to identify the tumor antigens on the surface of the cancer cells . But the tumor activates another T-cell receptor. This triggers an inhibitory signal for the T-cells: their reaction is blocked and they no longer attack the tumor. This is where immunotherapy intervenes. Specific antibodies are injected into the patient in order to block receptor acti- vation – and thus halt the negative signals to the T-cells. They can now successfully combat the tumor. 1 In tissue close to the melanoma ,
pick up tumor antigens and present them on their surface. These cells migrate via the lymph vessels to the
.
In the
, the
dendritic cells present the tumor antigen to naive T-cells . These dock with their T-cell receptors (TCRs) to the tumor structure and are acti- vated. They travel via the lymph vessels to the
.
Melanoma Dendritic cells Immunotherapy with specific antibodies Checkpoint blockade: raising the barrier to unleash the immune response
TCR
TCR naive T-cell Tumor cell activated T-cell Cover story MEDICINE Bayer research 28≈≈≈≈July 2015 15 lids mature very quickly. They take just 17 days to develop from an egg to the adult insect. The psyllids produce eight to nine new generations each year. If conditions are ideal, they may produce as many as 30 generations,” says the Bayer specialist. In February 2015, the psyllids were identified in Spain and Portugal for the first time. “These insects were not yet carrying yellow dragon disease, but we are afraid that the occurrence of citrus greening in Europe is just a question of time,” Wirtz explains. At present, citrus growers’ options are limited to monitoring the psyllids and regularly inspecting their plantations to check their trees for yellowed leaves – the first sign of citrus greening. Howev- er, “precise diagnosis is difficult because the disease often becomes apparent only at an advanced stage,” says Wirtz. Laboratory DNA analysis is the only certain means of confirmation. Once the disease is confirmed, all growers can generally do is destroy the afflicted orange trees and plant new ones to maintain their stock. American citrus growers are attempting to protect the edges of their planta- tions with systemic insecticides to stop the insects at the perimeter. These agents – such as the new Bayer insecticide Sivanto™ – work from inside the plant and help to reduce the psyllid population. “One big advantage of Sivanto, for example, is that it is non-haz- ardous to most beneficial insects if used correctly and can there- fore also be used flexibly in terms of application timing,” Wirtz says. However, even highly effective insecticides are not enough to stop yellow dragon disease on their own. The Food Chain Partnership team of Bayer CropScience has therefore launched an initiative to Strategy to counter bacterial vectors At present there is no way to cure orange trees of citrus greening. Bayer scientists and their partners are therefore concentrating their work on controlling the vector of this plant disease: the Asian citrus psyllid spreads the bacterial pathogen from tree to tree. The different approaches being pursued by Bayer experts: Healthy orange tree Citrus greening disease 1 The
phloem of plants transports vital
such as sugar and amino acids from the leaves. 3 phloem . The
nutrients can no longer get to the fruit, the oranges cannot grow and mature properly: they turn green and the leaves turn yellow. 2 Adult psyllids and their offspring (nymphs) feed on the leaves of the orange tree. This spreads the bacterium Candida- tus Liberibacter into the phloem . The psyllid’s natural enemy Tamarixia radiata parasitizes psyllid nymphs. Crop protection agents help to stem the spread of the psyllids. Anti-bacterial solutions may be able to selec- tively combat the bacte- ria in the long term. This may also make it possible to cure infected plants. AGRICULTURE Citrus greening 46 Bayer research 28 July 2015 Forward-Looking Statements This research magazine may contain forward-looking statements based on current assumptions and forecasts made by Bayer Group or subgroup manage- ment. Various known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could lead to material differences between the actual future results, fi nancial situ- ation, development or performance of the company and the estimates given here. These factors include those discussed in Bayer’s public reports which are available on the Bayer website at www.bayer.com. The company assumes no liability whatsoever to update these forward-looking statements or to conform them to future events or developments. Masthead
Bayer AG, Corporate Brand, Communications & Government Relations, Leverkusen
Dr. Herbert Heitmann Chief Editor: Dr. Katrin Schneider Editorial team: transquer GmbH – wissen + konzepte, Munich Scientific advisors: Dr. Birgit Faßbender, Dr. Kerstin Crusius, Joël Kruse, Dr. Arnold Rajathurai, Dr. Katharina Jansen
Alexandra Romero, Munich Frank-Michael Herzog, Medienfabrik
grintsch communications, Cologne Texts: transquer GmbH – wissen + konzepte, Munich Illustrations: Page 9, 15, 17, 34/35, 38, 43, 46, 48: grintsch communications, Cologne Reprinting rights: Bayer AG
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+49-214-30-71 985 E-mail: katrin.schneider@bayer.com Bayer on the internet: www.bayer.com research on the internet: www.research.bayer.com research is published twice a year in English and German. Reprints may be made if the source is mentioned. Voucher copies are requested. The product names designated with ™ are brands of the Bayer Group or our distribution partners and are registered trademarks in many countries. In all texts in this magazine, the name / designation “Bayer HealthCare” refers to Bayer Pharma AG. Published in July 2015
Photo: Getty Images Digital infographics: understanding science at a glance Knowledge in an attractive, digital format: research offers an extend- ed service covering all relevant areas of the company’s research fields. More than 50 infographics can be downloaded at www.research.bayer. com / graphics , making many topics easier to understand and adding substance to any presentation. They also clearly illustrate how chem- ists, biologists, physicists and other scientists transform knowledge into actual innovations. Magazine in motion and Bayer on Facebook research, the Bayer Scientific Magazine, is also available online : www.research.bayer.com brings the fascinating reports from the print- ed publication to life on PCs, tablets and smartphones. Compelling animations , image galleries and videos provide an insight into the huge variety of research work at Bayer. They explain today’s scientific challenges and outline the approaches being taken to resolve these issues, bringing the company’s mission – Bayer: Science For A Better Life – to life. And social networks make it possible to contact Bayer directly, around the clock and seven days a week. Post your comments on our wall and find out more about the sports we sponsor and employment opportunities at Bayer: www.facebook.com / bayer research multimedial http://bayer.com/re28
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German research 27 edition 2/20 14 the Bayer scientific magazine English
German research 28 current issue 1/20 15 the Bayer scientific magazine English
German Therapies to beat cancer Unleashing the immune response to tumors Oncology: Special feature: Tracking down molecular clues What metabolic profiles reveal about diseases Virtual test systems Using computer models for drug development Protecting citrus trees Strategies to control a bacterial disease The B
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