HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Historic sources and research confirm that
Jews of both Persian (also known as
Caucasian Mountain Jews) as well as
Ashkenazi origin have lived in Azerbaijan
for centuries.
1
The presence of Persian Jews
in Azerbaijan can be traced back over 2,000
years, to even before the fifth century.
Historically, Azerbaijan has been very
welcoming toward the Jews. During the
periods of both the Russian and Soviet
empires Azerbaijan had no antisemitic
traditions. In the nineteenth century, under
the Russian Empire, Jews of Ashkenazi
descent began to settle in Azerbaijan. Others
arrived during World War II to escape the
Nazis.
2
. Many famous Jews were born and
have studied in Azerbaijan, including
scientist of modern physics and Nobel Prize
Laureate Lev Landau. Born in Baku,
Azerbaijan, in 1908, he enrolled in Baku
State University in 1922.
3
During the nineteenth century, Baku
became a center for the Zionist movement in
the Russian Empire. The first branch of
Hovevei Zion ("Lovers of Zion") was
established in Baku in 1891, and in 1910,
the first choir synagogue opened in the city.
4
Even earlier, in 1883, oil companies owned
by the Rothschild family (of Jewish origin)
entered the scene in Baku, followed by
Rockefeller’s
gigantic
Standard
Oil
Company.
5
Thus, the Jews lived in peace
and friendship with local Azeris and had
successful businesses in the country.
During the period of the Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic (ADR, 1918-1920)--
which formulated key ideological, political,
and security priorities for independent
Azerbaijan--the Jewish Popular University
was established (1919) and Yiddish- and
Hebrew-language
periodicals
were
published. Moreover, Dr. Yevsey Gindes, an
Ashkenazi Jew, served as Minister of Health
in ADR's cabinet under the first prime
minister, Fatali Khan Khoyski.
Jews continued to arrive and settle in
Azerbaijan during the Soviet period as well.
The Jews in Soviet Azerbaijan were not
exposed to the widespread discrimination
that was typical in other parts of the USSR.
Thus, the Ashkenazi Jews formed a
significant part of the intellectual and
technocratic elites in Soviet Azerbaijan.
6
Israeli-Azerbaijani Alliance and Iran
Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 2013) 57
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