Searching For Common Roots This is a personal view on a connection between Polynesia

Spock (Leonard Nemoy), Star Trek: "Once you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth."
I’m glad you stuck it out and read this far. I appreciate your time reading this. At the beginning I told you I’m not an expert LDS apologist, archeologist, anthropologist, biologist or any kind of ‘ist’. Because this is a personal opinion about the Polynesians,

I was unsure about making it public. I also know involving the Book of Mormon would attract unwanted attention because of its controversial nature. However, these two topics are the motivations behind this paper and hoping some good might result from it. All mistakes are entirely mine which I hope will not reflect negatively to the Samoan culture and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The impetus for this paper is a moment of excitement when I initially read the text of the "Solo ole Va" and William Sullivan's book - "The Secret of the Incas." Sullivan’s book prodded me to look closer at clues that I think connects the Solo to pre-Columbian traditions. Sullivan's book pointed me to other sources with more root ideas that consequently allowed me to view the Samoan culture with a greater appreciation.
Regrettably, I have to emphasis race in this manuscript to exemplify and clarify the main thesis. I humbly ask for your understanding and forgiveness if this offends you.
There are many qualified people who advocated the east-to-west migration of the Polynesians from the Americas, the most famous being Thor Heyerdahl. I’m a benefactor of their research and books as I learn about Polynesia and Samoa. The buzzword amongst growing number of experts is "diffusion." They assert that people from different areas of the world moved into the Americas, including perhaps a group from the pacific area. The migratory nature of man would most likely involve the movement of people into and out of the Pacific region, and as Heyerdahl viewed it, a highway of sort on the grand Pacific Ocean. I'm indebted to all the scientists doing research in this part of the world, whatever their views are. Their scholarship helps improve my understanding of my ancestors.
I’ll now conclude by restating my main thesis, something that had already been suggested by others - a group migrated from America into the central Pacific. The contacts between this new group and the people who were already there created the present-day Polynesians. The clue to this is evidenced by the myths and the knowledge of celestial objects that our Polynesian ancestors shared with their progenitors. My study of these relationships has reinforced my belief that this group is tied to an ancient society in pre-Columbian America, and that ultimately directed me to the Book of Mormon.
The excavation and the interpretation of ancient artifacts is what they do in archaeology. I think that the excavation part is more scientific and can somewhat be verified using the scientific method. On the other hand, the interpretive part can be very subjective. There are many cases where different archaeologists interpreted the same piece of artifact differently. In the politically charged and subjective field of Lapita research, we should be cautious when specialists make statements like "it's been proven". (1)
Modern research does reveal a culturally diverse Pre-Columbian America. That was the case in many parts of the world in ancient times – a full range of human activities. In those days, unfortunately, deliberate destructions of entire societies were acceptable means. We haven’t improved much comparatively, but think we’re doing better. Despite major modern wars and disasters, we've somehow dampened the genocidal destruction of massive populations. In pass generations, an entire people could easily disappear from human history without a trace. The lucky few who survived had their remains enshrined in the blood and psyche of their children, as well as in their myths and legends.
Critics of the westward migration of Polynesians are finding solace in recent scientific findings that seem to support their view of an eastward migration. There are few finds that indicate a connection to the Americas, other than the sweat potato, a few items, some familiar words and uncertain shared DNA. If the Polynesians migrated eastward, why did they do it? In my view, the proponents of the Melanesian origin of Polynesians have much to explain.
What caused the sudden burst of activities that spurted a unique group into the central Pacific with different characteristics from their supposed progenitors? According to the Lapita experts, it only took a few hundred years for this group to traverse the 2000 miles from their starting point in New Guinea to Polynesia. If that's the case, why is the DNA study show little commonality between Melanesians and Polynesians? Clearly, for me, the central Pacific is the melding point of diverse groups, and the homogeneity in the Polynesia-Melanesian stock exists only in the Lapita research papers.
Even with the acceptable standard model mapped by the Lapita findings for a Melanesian origin, there is growing support of alternative views that run counter to those conclusions. They include the "Solo ole Va" and other Polynesian traditions and myths. The study of the Pacific rat shows that Polynesians arrived in the mid-Pacific thousands of years later than first assumed.
"The presence of pig, dog, and chicken bones at the lower levels of a number of early archaeological sites, along with indirect evidence of the use of domesticated plants, testifies further to the probability that voyagers carried with them the species needed for colonization, and that they were not introduced piecemeal by a long series of random drift voyages..." - ‘PBS - First Inhabitants’ (2)
Unfortunately, these kinds of comments do not answer why the Polynesians would migrate eastward anyway. Accepting a west-to-east migration based on observations such as the one quoted above, could be problematic. For instance, how did they know where to go without any foreknowledge of where they should go and without the aid of aerial maps? It suggests that the Polynesians had in their possession a satellite picture of the pacific area to know and plan trips in advance, and means of communication between remote islands.
I've presented here a possible explanation for the origin of the Polynesians that provides a reasonable answer to the question of why they're there. A group of people from Pre-Columbian South America ventured out into the open sea heading north to colonize it. It was a purposeful straight forward migration. However, unfortunate circumstances caused those travelers to veer direction away from their northerly goal and westerly into the unknown, toward the center of the great Pacific. Strong ocean currents made their lost even more certain. They were driven west and soon found themselves on the eastern-most islands of Polynesia. They settled down and made a new home, and interacting with those already there. In time they gradually made their way to the western Pacific. They encountered the Melanesians and resulted in the assimilation and amalgamation of their culture and traditions. The upshot of the "Tonga-Fiji" conflict caused many of them to retreat eastward to places that they already knew, and to places westward.
Pen Fiatoa

Columbus, Ohio

October 2003

Notes for Chapter 7 (Conclusion):

1. In comparing Cultural and Biological Evolution, this article states, "...cultural or social anthropology - has been much less demonstratively productive over the course of the same time period, particularly in terms of establishing a secure body of data and theory that earns and deserves the attention of researchers working in sister disciplines. This is increasingly acknowledged by many of its own practitioners (e.g. Bennett 1999; Bloch 2000; Kuper 1999). For example, in a recent review of the history of anthropology, Bennett (1999) states that "the cultural side of the discipline tends to smother its data with personal and arcane theorizing" (p. 951), while another anthropologist, Bloch (2000), states that cultural anthropology "with time, has become theoretically more and more vague, pretentious and epistemologically untenable" (p. 202). ("Towards a unified science of cultural evolution" by Alex Mesoudi, Andrew Whiten, and Kevin Laland. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2006, p. 329)
2. The following programs that appeared on Public Broadcasting Service covers Polynesian migration: by Liesl Clark "First Inhabitants" (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/civilization/first.html), "Ancient Navigation" (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/civilization/navigation.html), "Wayfinders - A Pacific Odyssey" - Ask The Experts (www.pbs.org/wayfinders/ask_irwin) and http://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/polynesian3.html

APPENDIX A: Word Comparison

According to the experts, the Samoan language is part of a proto-Asiatic language. This classification ignores any relationship of the Samoan language to the Native American languages, which I think exists as evidenced by the numerous like words between them. The linguists should extend their categorization further east. From these similarities, one can conclude that the languages found in the middle Pacific have roots to both western and eastern cultures.
English \SE Asia \Middle East \Samoan \Americas
to complain of discomfort\- \- \- \tena (CA5)

pain \moras (SE3) \keev (ME2) \ti'ga, eeva \k'iinam (CA5)

hurt \-\lehipaga (ME2)\puagatia, ti'na, ti'ga\kinpahal (CA5), nana (CA4)

whinny \- \- \nana \-

headache \- \- \ulu ti'ga \k'inam ho'ol (CA5)

difficult \- \- \faigata \nagana, dxiina (CA4)

to find it hard to work\- \- \- \wah'anka (NA11)

great ones \- \arau (ME1) \- \-

nobles \mulia (SE1) \uru (ME1) \- \achij (CA5)

king \muluk (SE1) \nsw-bit (ME1)\tupu \tepal (CA5)

royal \diraja (SE1) \- \- \tupa (SA2)

great \besar, raja (SE1)\wr, urui (ME1)\- \-

upper part of a river \hulu (SE1)\- \uluvai \-

brain \otak (SE2) \- \faiai \nas'ula (NA11)

gold \emas (SE2) \nbw, nub (ME1), zahav (ME2)\auro \gori, yuari (SA2)

devine soul \- \baiu (ME1) \- \-

holy \kudus, suci (SE1)\- \paia \k'ul (CA5)

forehead \- \- \mu'aulu \ituhu (NA11)

head \ulu (SE4) \tp, horuw (ME1)\ulu, ao \jol (CA5), xalom (CA6), uska (NA13)

snail \siput (SE2) \- \pule \bichube (CA4)

shell \- \- \pule \-

rule(v), ruler (n)\- \hqa (ME1) \pule \-

clay impression seal \- \bulla (ME2) \- \-

money \- \KEH-sef (ME2)\tupe \-

chief(s)/owner/head \ulu (SE4), tuan besar (SE1), hulu (SE1), ulun (SE3)

\hry-tp, tpy, tatat (ME1)\ulu, pule\hukukui, yuumil (CA5), churi (SA3), ho'ol (CA5)

leader \ulu (SE4), totos (SE4) \hauti (ME1) \ta'ita'i, to'oto'o \-

staff \- \aryt (ME1) \to'oto'o, amo \-

guardian \pengawal (SE1) \ari (ME1) \- \-

lord \tuhan (SE1) \nb (ME1) \alii \-

family leader \- \- \matai \-

the town-guard \- \matai (ME1) \- \-

eye \mata (SE1), matan (SE3)\irt (ME1)\mata \-

face \oin (SE3) \hr (ME1) \mata,foliga \-

look this way \- \- \sasai mai \-
English \SE Asia \Middle East \Samoan \Americas
know \- \rx (ME1), ya-do'-a (ME2) \silafia, iloa \-

sight (to see) \mata (SE1) \maa, sai (ME1), ha-bait' (ME2) \vaa'i, tepa \rusina (CA4), yilah (CA5)

stare \- \- \sisila \-

two eyes in a vase \- \tebh (ME1) \- \-

say \dehan (SE3) \dd (ME1) \fai'mai, tali'mai \a'alik (CA5)

show \- \hatzaga, hofaa (ME2) \fa'aali, fa'ailoa \-

appearance \- \kha (ME1) \foliga, ata \-

design or pattern \- \xaker (ME1) \- \-

child \- \- \tamaititi, tama \yah-ch'am-ma (ya-ch'am) (CA5), akal (CA6)

trembling, weak \- \- \natete, eeva \natiti (CA4)

lineage \- \- \- \ayllo (SA4)

son \anak laki-laki (SE1) \sa (ME1) \tama la'ititi, atali'i, alo \-

family tie (prefix) \- \- \sa \-

sacred \suci (SE1) \sa (ME1) \sa, mamalu \-

amulet, protection \- \sa (ME1) \- \-

raising sun \- \xa (ME1) \- \-

radiance \seri, cahaya (SE1) \xu (ME1) \su'sulu \-

god \tuhan (SE1) \neteru (ME1) \atua \-

saturn \- \- \- \haucha (SA2/SA4)

sanctuaries \pempat suci (SE1) \hetu (ME1) \- \-

temples \kuil (SE1) \maau, peru (ME1) \malu'malu \xcuasa (CA4), quna (CA5)

spirits of ancestors \- \- \tua'sa \-

star \fitun (SE3) \sba, tua (ME1) \fetu \coyllur (SA2), eq, ek' (CA5)

ancestor \- \tp-a (ME1) \tua'a \-

ancient \- \- \anamua \nawpa (SA2)

to wish for \- \abu (ME1) \aapu \-

to rub \- \- \- \apa (NA11)

to reach \- \- \a'apa'atu \-

offerings \persembahan (SE1) \uten, abtu (ME1) \sua \-

sun \salai (SE1) \Ra (ME1) \la \sua, na-la (NA), k'iin (CA5), ra (SA8)

sail (n) \lan (SE3) \- \la, tila \-

mistake \salah (SE1), sala (SE3) \- \sala, sipa, se'se, agasala \si'pil (CA5), aglasna (NA11)

no \lae (SE3) \- \leai, aua \aua (NA8), whaa (NA9), ma (CA5)

riser \- \xaai (ME1) \- \-

arise \- \- \sa'e, a'e \-

east \timur (SE1), lorosae (SE3) \iabty (ME1) \sasa'e \lak'in (CA5)

west \loromonu (SE3) \maarav (ME2) \sasifo, marama (PM) \-

beginning \- \sha (ME1) \a-mataga, ulua'i \ah (CA5), ruzulu (CA4)

root \- \- \a'a, io \de, xcu (CA4)

Israel - aaa-t (ME1) - -

a medicinal herb root - - - haka (NA11)

to kick - - aa -

to walk \lao (SE3) \ha (ME1), ha (ME2) \savali \-

path \- \shvil (ME2) \ala \-

road \jalan (SE1) \wat (ME1) \ala \beh (CA5)

to stand \hamrik (SE3) \aha (ME1) \ua tu \wa'tal (CA5)

front \oin (SE3) \hat (ME1) \luma \taanil (CA5)

ocean side/tide\- \- \tai, gatai \-

to sail \- \tai (ME1) \- \-

front of anything else \- \sta, sti (ME1) \- \-

below \- \- \lalo \kuta (NA11), ye-ma-la (yemal) (CA5)

shore (edge of a stream)\- \- \- \ihuta, ohuta (NA11)

inland (mountain area)\- \- \tua, iuta \uta (NA12)

cornmeal \- \- \- \saka' (CA5)

boiled food \- \- \saka \-

to weigh \tetu (SE3) \- \- \iyuta (NA11)

test by weighing\- \uta (ME1) \- \-

strength \kekuatan (SE1) \uta (ME1) \- \-

load/burden \beban, muatan (SE1) - \uta \kuch (CA5)

loaded boat \- \uha (ME1) \- \-

boat \- \uaa (ME1) \va'a \-

left \- \semhi (ME1) \- \-

down \- \- \lalo \-

south \selatan (SE1), tasimane (SE3)\rest, shema (ME1), da-rom' (ME2) \hema (P1) \guete (CA4)

southern \- \shematu (ME1)\- \-

north \tasifeto (SE3) \meht Delta country (ME1) \matu \-

reef \- \- \tai \-

fish \ikan (SE1), ikan (SE3) \betu, an (ME1), dag (ME2) \i'a \ts'a, kay, cha-ya (CA5), challwa (SA2), dika (NA14)

fishing \kail ikan (SE3) \dayig (ME2)\sau'sau, fagota, faiva \-

counting \- \- \tau \ca (CA5)

necklace of red beads \- \- \ula \-

red \- \- \mu'mu, ula \-

refined copper\- \uasm, smu (ME1)\- \-

to burn \tunu (SE4), sunu (SE3)\- \tunu, susunu, mu \gu (NA11)

earthenware \belanga (SE1) \- \- \sanu (SA1)

bury \mengkuburkan (SE1) \- \tanu \-

grave \rate (SE3) \anu (ME1) \tugamau \ba' (CA4)

close \- \- \pupuni \da'gu (CA4)

sleep \- \- \ali \punuy (SA2)

firewood \- \- \alala \llant'a (SA2)

mat \tikar (SE2) \- \fala, papa \pohp (CA6), pupu (CA5), luuna', daa (CA4),

mat wall (blinds) \- \- \pola \-

pillow \- \- \aluna \sawna (SA2)

bed \- \- \moega \pununa (SA2), caht (CA6)

wooden head rest \- \- \ali \-

room \- \- \potu \kwartu (SA2)

to grill, to roast \tunu(SE3) \tsa-lo (ME2) \tunu, tao \-

ghost \hantu;mambang (SE1) \- \aitu \ah itz (CA6)

crack into pieces \- \- \nunui \-

to kill \- \nanui (ME1) \fasioti \ruuti (CA4)

weapons \senjata (SE1) \xau, nui (ME1) \mea tau \-

to fight \- \hu (ME1) \tau \-

violent treatment \- \atau (ME1) \- \-

good luck in war \- \- \- \atau (SA1)

war \perang (SE1), funu (SE3) \- \taua \-

defeated \- \- \fanu, pala'ai \-

to rot \dodok (SE3) \- \pala \palani (CA2)

ripe \- \- \pula \-

sun sending forth rays \- \xu, uben (ME1) \pupula, sa-sulu \-

swollen \- \- \fula \chuup (CA5)

memorial tablet \- \utu (ME1) \- \-

command \haruka (SE3) \utu (ME1) \- \-

word \kata (SE1) \- \upu \-

mouth \mulut (SE1) \- \gutu \-

visit \- \- \aasi \-

Israel \- \aaa-t (ME1) \- \-

foreigner \malae (SE3) \aaa, aaa-ta (ME1) \- \-

ceremonial space \- \- \malae \-

celestial earth \- \- \- \maray (SA3)

false god \- \- \- \maras (SA3)

calamity \- \- \mala \-

accursed, unlucky \mala (SE1) \- \mala \-

lazy \malas (SE2) \- \paie \-

ill \- \- \malaia \huara (CA4)

afraid \maras (SE1) \- \fefe \-

weak,(weary of heart) \minffu (SE1) \fen (ME1) \- \-

a god who frightens \- \Seher (ME1) \- \-

land (earth) \tanah (SE1), rai (SE3) \ta (ME1) \fanua, laumua \maka (NA11), lu'um (CA5), luhm (CA6)

crowd, group \- \- \- \tanta (SA2)

people \- \- \tagata \-

country \negara (SE1), rai (SE3) \- \malo \llaqta (SA2), makoce (NA11)

reign - ma-loch' (ME2) - -

city/town bandar (SE1) nu (ME1) aai, nu'u, taulaga kaah (CA5)

metropolis - - - nuu (CA2)

zone, district - aat (ME1) - -

back - gav (ME2) tua, itua, gatua -

risen \- \kua (ME1) \- \-

stand (up) \- \aha (ME1) \tu \zuguaa (CA4)

mountain \gunung (SE1), foho (SE3) \tu (ME1) \(tua) mauga \mana (SA6)

island \ilha (SE3) \aa (ME1) \motu \-

severed \- \- \motu, mutu \-

bend \- \- \nati, nanau \-

pulverized \- \- \- \nade (CA4)

break \kotu (SE3) \net, nasaqu (ME1) \fati, ta'e, motu, nuti \pa'ik (CA5), agalsga (NA13)

burst \- \- \pa \-

open \terbuka (SE2) \wn, pa (ME1) \matala \-

window \djendela (SE2) \- \fa'amalama \malkan (CA6)

loose \lepas (SE2) \- \- \nataata (CA4)

sin \- \- \agasala \-

to flood \- \bah (ME1) \- \-

sacrifice by removing hearts \- \- \- \puz (CA5)

short \- \- \puu'puu \richucu, natipi (CA4)

to cut \koa, tesi (SE3) \- \tipi \ch'aakik, xotik (CA5), puztequi (CA5)

scimitar \- \xepes (ME1) \- \-

to fit \- \- \- \kipi (NA11)

enemy \- \khfty (ME1) \- \-

to spear \- \- \tui, tao \-

hook \- \- \matau \gandxu (CA4)

hook (for picking fruit \- \- \- \bichiqui (CA4)

pale, erased \- \- \- \nate (CA4)

dead person (corpse) \isin mate (SE3) \mit (ME1) \tagata oti \micqui (CA2), gue'tu' (CA4)

death \mati (SE1), mate (SE3) \khpt (ME1) \maliu, folau, mate, oti, pe \kimen, och b'i (CA5), guenda guti, guenda rati (CA4)

to die \mati (SE1), mate (SE3) \maith (ME2) \mate, oti, pe \mic (CA2), kimil (CA5), ta, ote, mat'a (NA11), rati (CA4)

sickness \penyakit (SE1) \mahala (ME2) \ma'i, manu'a, malaia (bad omen) \mai (NA4/NA10)

cut \koa (SE3) \neka (ME1) \tipi, vae \-

short \- \- \pu'upu'u \natipi (CA4)

shrinks \- \- \mimigi \ritipi (CA4)

to kill \mate (SE3) \- \ta'mate, fasi'oti, kape \kte (NA11)

village of death \- \- \- \kuishgamake

rust, mold, mildew \- \- \- \be, tini (CA4)

to attain, to end \- \peh (ME1) \tini, i'u \-

live in \- \- \oofi \oti (NA11)

coffins \- \uti (ME1) \- \-

decay, ruin \- \ruti (ME1) \- \-

destroy \binasakan (SE2) \- \uti \-

to urinate \mi (SE3) \- \mimi \-

dung, faeces \tai (SE4), tahi (SE1), te (SE3) \- \tae \ta' (CA5)

to be long, extended \- \au (ME1) \- \-

long \pandjang (SE2) \arokh (ME2) \sa'o \-

arrow \anak panah (SE2) \sun (ME1) \a'u \-

shoot \- \ya-ro (ME2) \velo \-

to hunt, to slay \- \behu (ME1) \- \-

knife \tudik (SE3) \k, tes (ME1) \pelu \qupeh (CA5)

throwing knife \- \- \peti \-

to stretch out, to extend \- \pet (ME1) \- \-

bow \sudjud (SE2) \pet (ME1) \- \-

axe \kapak (SE2) \qeh (ME1) \to'i \-

take off \- \- \- \tokik (CA5)

throw \- \- \togi \chok (CA5)

grumble \bersungut-sungut (SE2) \- \tomumu \-

thunder \rai tarutu (SE3) \- \fai'tatili \kil-bah, huum chaak (CA5), cunununu/kakcha (SA4)

thunderbolt \kilat (SE1) \- \uila-pa \-

slay \bunuh (SE2) \shat (ME1) \- \-

to hit, to punch \pukulan (SE1), tuku (SE3) \- \fasi, ta, tu'i, sasa \-

burst \retak (SE2) \- \pa \-

to flood \- \bah (ME1) \- \-

beat \baku (SE3) \- \tata \kastaka (NA11)

whip \tjambuk (SE2) \- \fue, fasi \hats'ik (CA5)

permit \surat izin (SE2) \- \fa'ataga \chaik (CA5)

to do \halo (SE3) \- \fai \-

bearer, carryier \pembawa (SE1) \fa (ME1) \amo, fafa \-

to go, to walk, to stand \perbuatan (SE1) \i (ME1) \- \-

kick \tendang (SE2) \- \a'a, i'i \nahpa (NA11)

trip (stumble) \- \- \nape \-

force labor \- \fau (ME1) \- \-

builds, causes \membuat (SE1) \- \fau \runi, ruza (CA4)

starts fire \- \- \pusa \-

deed, good work \faal (SE1) \- \- \-

riches;(things broad or wide) \kekayaan (SE1) \fau (ME1) \- \-

plentiful \barak (SE3) \- \fau \-

darkness \menjadi gelap (SE1) \kekui (ME1) \po'uli'uli, pogisa \-

purple \violeta (SE3) \- \- \kulli (SA1), k'ulli (SA4)

dark \gelap kelam (SE1) \- \uli'uli \-

black \hitam (SE2) \- \lanu uli'uli \-

dog \asu (SE4), andjing (SE2) \uher, au (ME1) \taifau, uli, maile \tzul (CA5)

native \anak negeri (SE2) \- \- \wayile'

guide \pemimpin (SE2) \taire (ME1) \ta'I \-

louse \kutu (SE2), utu (SE3) \- \utu \uk' (CA5)

meat \daging (SE2) \- \aano \talo (NA11)

taro \talas (SE1) \- \talo, ta'amu \-

squash \- \- \- \k'uum (CA5)

gather \kumpulkan (SE2) \- \- \t'okik (CA5)

gather fruit \- \- \toli, tau \-

fruit \buah (SE1), aifuan (SE3) \- \fua, ulu \ch'uhuk (CA5)

measured \- \- \fua \-

scales, to weigh \- \maxa (ME1) \- \-

heavy \- \- \mamafa \aal (CA5)

loaded \- \- \u'a \nua (CA4)

loaded boat \- \uha (ME1) \- \-

storehouses \- \uta (ME1) \- \-

load, cargo, burden \beban (SE1) \- \uta \kuch (CA5), rua (CA4)

bag carry around the neck \- \- \- \chuspa (SA2)

load carry on shoulder \- \- \usa \-

flow \- \- \tafe \-

wind, air \angin (SE1), anin (SE3) \tau (ME1) \- \iik' (CA5), tate (NA11)

weather \hawa (SE1) \- \tau \-

wind \anin (SE3) \nef (ME1), ruah (ME2) \savili, a'fa \iik' (CA5), tawu (CA6)

blow (whistle) \- \- \ili (fa'aili) \uustik (CA5)

the two lands \- \taui (ME1) \- \-

meet \pertemuan (SE1) \pa-go'-a (ME2) \fe'taui \-

embrace \- \- \pago \-

two feathers \- \suti (ME1) \- \-

to pluck feathers/hair \- \- \futi \-

scribe \- \anu (ME1) \- \-

speak other language \- \- \nanu \-

to wail \tangis (SE3) \- \tatagi \huaccanni (SA4)

weep \tangis (SE1) \- \- \-

speak \- \- \- \t'aanik (CA5)

I am singing \- \- \- \takisani

bird signing \- \- \tagi \huaccan

distress \- \- \oogo \-

weeping \- \- \fetagisi \nani'd (CA4)

cry \tangis (SE4), teriakan (SE1), tanis (SE3) \- \tagi \huaccanni (SA3),ook'ol (CA5),choca (CA2)

sing \menyanyi (SE1), kanta (SE3) \- \pese \k'aay (CA5)

an outcry \- \- \- \besbaya (NA6)

yell \- \- \e'e \-

to play music \- \hes (ME1) \- \-

expression of fear/amazed \- \herit (ME1) \oka'oka, ofo, te'I \-

plenty \- \- \- \ota (NA11)

grand \- \- \- \mboota (CA4)

fat \bokur (SE3) \- \puka, lapo'a, pota \naro'ba, namboolo' (CA4), polok (CA5)

swim \nani (SE3) \- \aau \baab (CA5)

belly button \- \- \ute \-

to beget \- \utet (ME1) \fati, amata \ah (CA7)