Second Language Learning and Language Teaching

L2 learning is independent of L1 acquisition
Teaching methods have often been justified in terms of how children learn their
first language, without investigating L2 learning directly. The audio-lingual
method of teaching, for instance, was based primarily on particular views of how
children learn their first language.
Background
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There is no intrinsic reason, however, why learning a second language should be
the same as learning a first. Learning a first language is, in Halliday’s memorable
phrase, ‘learning how to mean’ (Halliday, 1975) – discovering that language is used
for relating to other people and for communicating ideas. Language, according to
Michael Tomasello (1999), requires the ability to recognize that other people have
points of view. People learning a second language already know how to mean and
know that other people have minds of their own. L2 learning is inevitably differ-
ent in this respect from L1 learning. The similarities between learning the first and
second languages have to be established rather than taken for granted. In some
respects, the two forms of learning may well be rather similar, in others quite differ-
ent – after all, the outcome is often very different. Evidence about how the child
learns a first language has to be interpreted with caution in L2 learning and seldom
in itself provides a basis for language teaching.
L2 learners, in fact, are different from children learning a first language since there
is already one language present in their minds. There is no way that the L2 learner
can become a monolingual native speaker 
by definition
. However strong the similar-
ities may be between L1 acquisition and L2 learning, the presence of the first lan-
guage is the inescapable difference in L2 learning. So our beliefs about how children
learn their first language cannot be transferred automatically to a second language;
some may work, some may not. Most teaching methods have claimed in some sense
to be based on the ‘natural’ way of acquiring language, usually meaning the way
used by L1 children; however, they have very different views of what L1 children do,
whether derived from the theories of language learning current when they origi-
nated or from general popular beliefs about L1 acquisition, say, ‘Children are good
at imitation, therefore L2 learners should have to imitate sentences.’