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widely recognized desirable aspects of solar system from the environmental
point of view.
Small
villages, particularly the isolated ones and/or low population
density, are the most appropriate location for solar applications because
conventional supplies of electricity are both difficult and expensive to provide it
to these villages. Camped et al. [8] suggest that, photovoltaic technologies has
been often shown to be the most effective solution for improving such services
in remote, un-electrified areas. The PV system includes a solar system consists
of a photovoltaic solar panel; which convert the suns energy into electricity form
depending on a propriety of certain semi-conductors; such as silicon, cadmium
sulfide and gallium arsenide, battery, charging controller and end uses.
Grothoff [9] reported that, countries in
Africa with the highest PV
potential include among others, Sudan. Solar PV applications in Sudan started as
early as 1970 [10]. PV technologies have a number of applications relevant to
rural use in Northern State (Sudan). These include among others, electricity
generation, PV pumping, telecommunication network, vaccine refrigeration for
human and animal use, traffic lighting and lighting of road sign,
over-speed
detection on high ways, security services, schools power supply, rural health
clinics, community centers and clubs, mosques and khalwa (s) lighting. A Field
survey to selected locations showed that, the operators of the installed systems
were certain people who were assigned to do the job, depending on where the
utility was installed. Battery replacement and disposal were serious problems.
Solar panels sited at ground level became dirty more quickly. Dust deposition on
PV panels caused degradation of PV panel’s performance
and energy yield
losses, in the same manner other particulate accumulation (e.g. birds residues)
causes on PV panels transmission loss. Also, there were cracks seen on the upper
cover of solar panels in some sites. Solar panels mounted near ground were more
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susceptible to damage by animals or children. This necessitates both periodic
cleaning and maintenance of the solar panels. The major problem was that
solar
energy technologies require high initial capital cost. Most of this capital cost for
implementation of these technologies was provided by a number of international
aid programs. The sustainability of most the project was not achieved and these
projects had stopped after cessation of foreign funding. All of the potential uses
of PV technologies are too numerous to include here, therefore, only some of the
more important uses are mentioned, especially those that have been
demonstrated successfully. The current contribution of solar energy systems to
the energy sector in the State include:
Rural Electrification:
Table 3.1 presents the main sources of energy for lighting in the State, it
cleared that 45% of the households doesn’t used public electricity as energy
source
for lighting, major of these percentage is in rural area. The lack of
electricity raises a lot of negative effects that dramatically limit a community’s
potential rate of growth, as well as residents’ basic quality of life.
Table 3.1 Main sources of energy for lighting in Sudan:
In recent years, attention has risen again regarding the issue of rural access
to electricity supply and regarding the relation between energy (electricity) and
Source of lighting
No. of households (%)
Without lighting
1
Candle
2
Wood
1
Kerosene lamp (lantern)
14
Generator
27
Public electricity
55
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poverty. Rural energy is generally recognized as an important element of rural
socioeconomic development. Therefore, Barrier Removal to Secure PV Market
Penetration in Semi-Urban Sudan Project (PVP) was started in 1999 and spreads
over 12 states;
included Northern State, to remove the barriers that hindered
market penetration of PV applications in general and households in particular.
The PVP funded jointly by UNDP, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and
the Government of Sudan. Generally, the project focused on dissemination of
photovoltaic systems with emphasis on provision of electricity for small-scale
applications to satisfy the first assessed need. The Northern State is large and
sprawling, and has too Nile Islands and vast arable land. Therefore, solar
electricity can be used for power supply to remote villages and locations not
connected to the national grid. The main lighting systems using solar energy
were installed in mosques and prayer rooms (Zaoya(s)), schools, health centers,
clubs, security points and miscellaneous (some houses of authorized persons,
official offices, Khalwa(s),etc.). Through PVP many such systems had been
installed in the State and an achievement for improvements in social interaction
was maintained. Number of solar panels in each system is illustrated in Fig 3.2;
the largest number of systems is consisted of two solar panels for small uses.
Figure 3.2 Number of solar panels in solar energy systems
Also, Fig 3.3. Shows the distribution of solar energy systems in the
utilities, major part of the systems is used for operating of amplifiers and lighting
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of mosques and prayer room (Zaoya(s)) followed by schools power supply and
health centers.
Figure 3.3 Distribution of solar energy systems in the utilities
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