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species, is currently threatened by standardization of cultivation practices, monoculture, chemical
contamination, overexploitation of natural resources, mechanization, and changes in lifestyles
that are affecting traditional production systems across the Mediterranean area and have
reduced the spectrum of the biodiversity, particularly relevant in preparing healthy and nutritious
food recipes at the foundation of the Mediterranean diet heritage.
Changes in the landscape and ecosystems have increased in recent decades, especially in the
Mediterranean. The main pressure on these ecosystems and their biodiversity comes from tourism,
urban development in coastal areas, overfishing, intensive farming and irrigation, and the
abandonment of traditional agricultural practices (Numa and Troya, 2011).
Furthermore, indigenous knowledge on how to recognize, cultivate and use these local crops is also
being lost at an unprecedented rate. The genetic diversity of food crops and animal breeds is
diminishing rapidly. In fact, at the beginning of the twenty-first century it is estimated that only 10
percent of the variety of crops that have been cultivated in the past are still being farmed, many
local varieties being replaced by a small number of improved non-native varieties (Millstone and
Lang, 2008).
In Greece over 95% of traditional wheat varieties that were grown in farmers’ fields by the middle
of the twentieth century can no more be found and only a few of them are maintained in gene banks
(IBPGR, 1981). In Spain, in the 1970´s, have been documented 350 local varieties of melons, today
no more than 5% of them can still be found in the field. The first State of the World on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) (FAO 1998) shows that the picture is much the same
throughout the world. The loss of agricultural biological diversity has drastically reduced the
capability of present and future generations to face unpredictable environmental changes and
human needs. The FAO report estimates that some 7 000 species have been used by mankind to
satisfy human basic needs, while today no more than 30 cultivated species provide 90% of human
caloric food supplied by plants (FAO 1998). Furthermore 12 alone provide more than 70% and a
mere 4 species (potatoes, rice, maize and wheat) provide more than half.
The disappearance of ecological corridors and the homogenization of the natural mosaics are also
threatening the survival and the reproduction of numerous wild species, many of direct economic
importance (Zurayk, 2012). Environmental pressure is rising, particularly as a result of tourism,
urban concentration in coastal areas, the development of intensive agriculture, the overexploitation
of natural resources, overgrazing and the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices. Some
effects of these pressures, such as changes in vegetation cover and habitat loss, can be estimated,
but others are very difficult to quantify. About 18 percent of Mediterranean species are threatened
with extinction, and it is estimated that only 5 percent of the original vegetation remains relatively
intact in the Mediterranean region (FAO, 2013). The loss of agricultural diversity occurring around
the Mediterranean area could threaten the food security and livelihood of populations living in the
region.
Moreover, in spite of its wealth on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Euro-
Mediterranean agriculture is very much depending of plant genetic resources from abroad. Actually
the Mediterranean countries, both North and South, depend on an estimated average of 70% on
crops genetic resource coming from other regions of the world. Table 1 shows the estimated range
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of dependency for each Mediterranean country from plant genetic resources from abroad (Flores
Palacios 1998). It follows that international cooperation to ensure access to PGRFA from other
countries is not a choice but a must for the region.
Access and International Cooperation in the Mediterranean region: The International Treaty on
Plant Genetic Resources (ITPGRFA)4
Almost all Mediterranean countries have already ratified by their National Parlaments the ITPGRFA:
Albania, Algeria, Cyprus, Croatia, Egypt, France, Greece, Italia, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Portugal,
Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. Malta has already signed the Treaty but it has not yet ratified it.
However much effort is still needed to fully implement its provisions.
The Treaty is not the only international agreement dealing with Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture (GRFA), others such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (CBD 2003)5,UPOV
and TRIPS/WTO are also directly or indirectly related to access to GRFA and their related knowledge,
technologies and information.
Food security is not simply a matter of delivering more calories to more people. Nutritional security,
where dietary diversity plays an important role, is a vital component of food security. The
Mediterranean Diet provides a good example which has been recognized by UNESCO as Immaterial
Heritage of Mankind. It should be noted that most hungry people are living in rural areas. Solutions
are needed to improve stability of production at local level, to provide increased options for small-
scale farmers and rural communities and to improve quality as well as quantity of food available. To
ensure that enough food is produced and is available for those who need it, public-sector research
is needed in areas in which the private sector does not invest. In a number of Mediterranean
countries many commercial crop varieties are not adapted to the needs of poorer farmers, who
have limited or no access to irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides.
PRIMA will respond to the vision of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, which aims to halt the loss of
biodiversity and ecosystem services in the EU and help stop global biodiversity loss by 2020. This
reflects the commitments taken by the EU in 2010, within the international Convention on Biological
Diversity, and will be scaled up at Euro-Mediterranean level, in order to achieve the unprecedented
impact of mobilizing a critical mass of stakeholders for the establishment of a new environmentally
friendly, socially acceptable and ethically sound agricultural model . Embedding a systematic and
participatory process of cooperation between breeders and farmers will facilitate this valuable goal.
All the predicted scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (www.ipcc.ch)
will have major consequences for the geographic distribution of crops and their genetic resources,
including crop wild relatives. Some recent studies have used current and projected climate data to
predict the impact of climate change on areas suitable for a number of staple and cash crops.
To cope with Climate Change, PRIMA will develop activities (mostly, but not limited to research) not
only on diversity itself and development of varieties adapted to new conditions, but initiatives
4
http://www.planttreaty.org
5
http://www.biodiv.org/handbook/
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