Teacher: Islomova Ozoda “MT1”reading rules of english vowels in four types of stressed syllables abstract

Jizzakh polytechnic institute FACULTY OF BM AND CHT STUDENT OF METALLURGY DIRECTION’S Jaynarov Dilshod ENGLISH PRESENTATION

Teacher: Islomova Ozoda

“MT1”READING RULES OF ENGLISH VOWELS IN FOUR TYPES OF STRESSED SYLLABLES ABSTRACT

Phonetics in English is very essential part of language . Proper pronunciation of Sounds is very important for the speaker’s language to be clear and beautiful. But the Letters pronunciation is not easy, they are not pronounce as they write . Their Pronunciation depends on the order of the letters in the word in which they Participate. They are pronounced differently. It depends on whether they are stressed Or unstressed . In accented syllables, vowels are read according to certain rules. Learning them has a great impact on the development of pronunciation skills in English and it has great importance .Stressed vowels are divided into four types. In Each of them the vowels are pronounced differently. It is possible to pronounce a Word correctly by distinguishing that the syllable is stressed. This is a very important Event in English. Before studying these four types, it is advisable to have information About the stress. Keywords: phonetics, stress, word stress, sentence stress, logical stress, vowel, Consonant, syllable, pronunciation, sound, open, closed syllables.INTRODUCTION In English, to be a stronger reading of one syllable in a word than another. It Should be louder, higher and longer than others . It is in turn divided into 3: word Stress, sentence stress, and logical stress. The word stress is a londly pronouncation of One syllable in the word. The sentence stress is stressed and unstressed words Pattern’s across a sentence. The last one is logical stress. It serves to mark semantic Center of a word or a word group that gives new important information. The type we Need to learn is word stress. It combines different rules:

-Single-syllable words are stressed : cut, map, sad, cup;
-in two-syllable words the stress is placed on the word group. For example, in Nouns and adjectives it is placed mainly in the first syllable: picture, money ,happy , Useful . But there are some exceptions : hotel, exam .In verbs it is placed mainly Second syllable : repeat , forget , explain , also some exceptions: finish ; -In three -syllable words the stress is placed in the middle of the word : Computer, beautiful . However , in English there are many exeptions : afternoon ; -In four -syllable words the stress is placed differently. In some cases in the Middle: information, photographer. Furthermore, the endingsof the word is important For to put stress. If the word ends with – tion ,- sion , -cian, the stress is placed in the Second last syllable . Example , section , position, degestion , exhaution , question ; Expression , conclution ; musician , magician; -Words with five or more syllables usually have two accents, with the main Accent falling from the last syllable to the second or third syllable. Also, there is a Rule that , the word stress can be place of the root of the word : comfort -comfortable -Uncomfort .But learning from dictionaries is more useful because the emphasis Does not always fall on the same place.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. The table in below shows 4 types of stressed syllables. I recommend to Remember that , this table of reading vowels for only stressed syllables . Unstressed Syllables pronounces differently .

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.

There are given reading rules of vowels in all , IV types of stressed syllables

And their examples . As there written their pronouncation are not similar , among Letter “i “ and “ y” . They read similar in these types . For this reason there are 20
Vowel sounds in English phonetic : [ɪ] , [e] , [æ] , [ʌ] , [ʊ] , [ɒ] , [ə] , [i:] , [ɑ:] , [ɔ:] , [ɜ:] , [u:] , [eɪ] , [oʊ] , [aʊ] , [ɪə] , [eə] , [ɔɪ] , [aɪ] , [ʊə]. The I type of syllable is named open . When the word ends to one of the six Vowel letters , a ,e ,i ,o ,u ,y , in this case this word concerns to the I type of syllable And the vowel letter in the word pronounce as alphabatical name. For example : Came ,bake; green , seen ; time , kit ; type , style ; cube , mute ; globe , phone . Ther eare two type of reading of the letter “u”. If there is “r “ or “ l” letter before “ u” , it Pronounced like [u:] and there is no , it pronounced like [ yu :].The II type of syllable named closed and it ends to one of 20 consonant letters , B , c , d , f , g , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , q , r , s , t , v , w , x , z . The vowel letter in the Word is pronounced as short : mat , back , sack , snap ; wet , hen ,zest ; pit , hint , flip ; Mop, slop , lop ; dull , skull , null ; myth , mystic . The III type of syllable is half -close . It ends “r” or “ r + consonant “ and Pronounce as long : car , star, bar ; boner , meter ; stir , skirt; nor , for , form; slur , Fur , turn; myrtle. The IV type of syllable is half -open and it ends with “r + vowel “. In fourth Type of syllable pronounce as differently: bare ,mare ,fare, care ; here ,mere ; Wire ,fire ; store ,more , snore ; cure , manure ; byre , tyre. It can be example of Monophtongs , diphthongs and tripthongs.
“MT1”Consonants in English language and reading rules
Learn about consonants in English. Their classification and formation. English consonants are categorized as to: Articulation place and active organ
Occlusion type
Noise formation
Noise-forming occlusions number
Vocal cords work
Pronunciation force.
Labial Consonants
Depending on what mobile and fixed speech organs articulate a speech sound, consonants may be labial, lingual and glottal. Labial consonants: Bilabial articulated with both lips – [w], [m], [p], [b]
Labiodental articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth – [f], [v].
Lingual Consonants
Forelingual consonants:
Interdental (predorsal dental) – [θ], [ð]
(the tongue’s front surface forms a partial occlusion with the upper teeth);
Apical alveolar – [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [t∫], [dʒ]
(the front edge rises to the alveolar ridge);
Cacuminal post-alveolar – [r]
(the front edge is raised and a little bent to the alveolar back slope).
In mediolingual consonants an occlusion is formed by raising the middle part to the hard palate. Such is articulating the only English dorsal palatal [j] sound.
Backlingual consonants are articulated by raising the back part to the soft palate – [k], [g], [ŋ]. These are dorsal velar sounds.
Glottal Consonant
The only English glottal [h] sound forms in the glottis. Exhaled air goes via the narrowed glottis with a slight friction noise, the vocal cords don’t vibrate, speech organs in super-glottal cavities shape to pronounce a vowel after the glottal consonant.
Occlusive/Constrictive Consonants
By noise-forming occlusion type, consonants may be occlusive articulated with a full occlusion in the mouth cavity and constrictive articulated with a partial occlusion in the mouth cavity.
Occlusive consonants – [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [t∫], [dʒ].
Constrictive consonants – [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h], [w], [l], [r], [j].
Non-Sonorous Consonants
Both occlusive and constrictive consonants may be non-sonorous and sonants.
Occlusive non-sonorous consonants divide into plosives and affricates. In pronouncing plosive consonants the full occlusion opens, air leaves the mouth cavity producing plosive noise – [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]. Affricates are sounds with an occlusive start closely blending with a fricative indent. Speech organ opening to form a full occlusion happens smoothly with sounds articulated by 1 effort – [t∫], [dʒ].
Fricative Consonants
In articulating constrictive non-sonorous (fricative) consonants, air blows from the narrow glottis creating friction noise. The glottis can shape flat as in [f], [v] or rounded as in [s], [z]. Fricative consonants – [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h].
Nasal Consonants
Occlusive sonants are nasal. In the mouth cavity a full occlusion forms, the soft palate lowers and air leaves the nasal cavity. Nasal sonants – [m], [n], [ŋ].
Oral Sonants
Constrictive sonants are oral. They may be medial (the tongue’s sides rise and touch side teeth, air blows along its central part) – [w], [r], [j] and lateral (the front edge rises to the alveoli and touches them, the sides lower, air leaves via side passages – [l].
Unicentral/Bicentral Consonants
Most English consonants are unicentral as having 1 formation place, i.e. a noise-forming focus. However in some cases the main noise-forming occlusion is added with another occlusion giving the sound an extra shade. Such consonants are bicentral. A secondary/extra occlusion can form by raising the tongue’s middle part to the hard palate. Here the sound takes on a soft shade. It’s a second middle focus as in [∫], [ʒ], [t∫], [dʒ] and the so called «light» [l] sound version. If the secondary occlusion forms by raising the back part to the soft palate, it creates an acoustic effect of velarization with the sound acquiring a hard shade. It’s a second back focus as in [w], [r] and the so called «dark» [ł] sound version.
Voiced/Voiceless Consonants
By presence/absence of vocal cords vibration, consonants may be voiced accompanied with vocal cords vibrations and voiceless pronounced with passive non-vibrating vocal cords. The first are voiced non-sonorous and sonants, the second voiceless non-sonorous consonants.
Fortis/Lenis Consonants
English voiceless consonants are pronounced energetically and named fortis. Voiced consonants are accompanied with weak muscular tension and named lenis.