Teacher: Islomova Ozoda “MT1”reading rules of english vowels in four types of stressed syllables abstract

MT2 Indefinite and definite articles; Using the articles
The articles are words that define nouns and they belong to the group of words called determiners.
Essentially there are two kinds of articles: definite and indefinite.
Definite Articles
The definite article the is a determiner used to refer to a specific thing.
It is placed before nouns or adjectives.
For example:

• 
  “I think the dog is hungry.” = We use the to refer to one specific thing.
  
• 
  “There is a dog in your garden.” = We use a/an to refer to a non-specific thing.
  
• 
  Indefinite Articles
  

The indefinite articles (a/an) are determiners and are used to express non-specific things or general categories.
They are placed before singular nouns or adjectives.
A when the noun or adjective begin with a consonant;
An when the noun or adjective begin with a vowel or h that is not pronounced.
For example:

• 
  “There’s a tourism office around the corner.” = We use a before a word starting with t- (consonant).
  
• 
  “There’s an information office around the corner.” = We use an before a word starting with i- (vowel).
  
• 
  We use the indefinite article to express something general, which has never been mentioned before.
  

For example:
♦ “The information office around the corner…” = We use the definite article(the) since we know what we are talking about.
“MT3”Nouns. Singular and plural forms. and “MT4” Pronouns. Personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns.
There are different ways to classify nouns, and one of them is numbers. So, based on numbers, we classify nouns as – singular and plural. A noun is singular if it refers to one person or thing, and it is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing. In this post, we will learn about various rules applied for changing singular nouns to plural along with examples. There are various rules for changing singular nouns to plural. However, in this post, we will discuss the 15 most commonly used ones for changing singular nouns to plural. Rule-1: Addition of ‘s W
e can change most of the nouns from singular to plural, simply by adding ‘s’ at end of the word.

W
e can also change singular nouns to plural by replacing the last letter or letters of the word with ‘ves’ or ‘ies’. Rules for changing singular nouns to plural by replacing the last letter or letters of the word are as follows:

R
ule-8: Alike Singular and Plural

Some nouns have the singular and the plural alike.
Examples of alike singular and plural nouns are swine, sheep, deer, dozen, hundred, thousand, score, fish, pair, species, aircraft, spacecraft, and fruit.
Singular – We need a dozen mangoes. Plural – We need three dozen mangoes.
Singular – This cloth cost me a thousand rupees. Plural – This cloth cost me five thousand rupees.
In the case of fish and fruits, we use fishes and fruits also. Fish and fruit suggest a single variety. Fishes and fruits suggest a different variety.
Example,
It is good to eat fruit every day.
A variety of fruits are available in the market.
Back to the top
Rule-9: Some Nouns are always used in Plural
Some nouns like scissors, trousers, spectacles, jeans, pajamas, binoculars, pliers, shorts, tongs, and bellows suggest two essential parts, therefore always used in the plural.
Examples,
My spectacles need to be changed.
His clothes are dirty.
Some other examples of nouns that are always used in plural are arms, particulars, riches, savings, stairs, valuables, and outskirts.
Back to the top
Rule-10: Some Collective Nouns that appear Singular but used as a Plural
Certain collective nouns like cattle, poultry, gentry, vermin, family, team, jury, and people have the appearance of a singular noun. But they are used as a plural.
Examples,
The cattle are grazing in the ground.
The people were not impressed.
Rule-11: Nouns that appear Plural but used as Singular.
Some, nouns ending with ‘ics’ like mathematics, politics, physics, ethics, and acoustics look to be plural, but they are used as a singular.
Examples,
He is good at politics.
Mathematics is an exact science.
Words plural in form but singular in meaning includes news, innings:
The news is good.
India won by an innings and four runs.
Certain diseases: mumps, rickets, shingles
Certain games: billiards, darts, dominoes, bowls
Back to the top
Rule-12: Changing figures and letters to plural
We change figures and letters to plural by adding an apostrophe and ‘-s’.
For examples,
Add two 4’s to three 5’s.
You don’t spell yours d’s well.
Rule-13: Singular Abstract Nouns to Plural
Rules applied for changing abstract singular nouns to plural depend on whether it is countable or not. Uncountable abstract nouns do not have a plural form. For example, love, anger, honesty, advice, experience, beauty, fear, courage, death, hope, horror, knowledge, mercy, help, pity, relief, suspicion, and work.
Whereas, abstract nouns that are countable, have a plural form. For example,
Victory – victories,
Decision – decisions,
Failure – failures Back to the top
Rules-14: Singular Materials or Substances Nouns to Plural
Similar to rule 14, rules applied for changing singular material nouns to a plural depend on whether it is countable or not. Uncountable material or substance nouns do not have a plural form. For example, jam, oil, gin, sand, water, wine, cream, gold, ice, and silver. Sometimes, the same word can be countable as well as uncountable depending on its usage. Therefore, if the usage of words suggests it as a countable noun, then we can change it to plural by the addition of ‘-s’ at its end. For example, the usage of the word ‘stone‘. This house is made of stone. In this sentence, the word stone has been used as the name of the building material. So, it is uncountable. But, we can say – The boy is throwing stones in the pond. Here, the word stones mean pieces of stone. Back to the top
Rules-15: Some Nouns are always used as Singular
Some nouns like baggage, damage, luggage, furniture, shopping, camping, parking, and weather are always used in the plural.
“MT5”Auxiliary verbs “to be”, “to do”, “to have” in the Present, Past, Future. Indefinite tenses
Learn English Grammar
Recommended Books
GRAMMAR BOOKS
Learn English Grammar
AUXILIARY VERBS / HELPING VERBS
OVERVIEW | ACTION VERBS | AUXILIARY VERBS | FINITE / NON-FINITE | IRREGULAR VERBS
MAIN VERBS | MODAL VERBS | MOOD | PHRASAL VERBS | REGULAR VERBS | STATIVE VERBS
Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs
Auxiliary means functioning in a supporting capacity, and that is exactly what these auxiliary verbs do, which is why they are also known as helping verbs. They are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information and therefore add extra meaning to a sentence; information that is not given by the main verb.
They are used to form the passive voice.
They are used to form the continuous tense.
They are used to form the perfect tense.
Be, Do and Have are auxiliary verbs, they are irregular verbs and can be used as main verbs. The verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to have’ are the most commonly used auxiliary verbs and work alongside the main verbs in any statement.
Modal verbs are also auxiliary verbs, but will be treated separately, these are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would, they differ from the others in that they can never function as a main verb.
TO BE
Be is the most common verb in the English language. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is used a lot in its other forms.
Base form = be
Present form = am/is/are
Past form = was/were
Present Participle / Gerund = being
Past Participle = been
MORE ON THE VERB TO BE
TO DO
The verb do is one of the most common verbs in English. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is often used in questions.
Base form = do
Present form = do/does
Past form = did
Present Participle / Gerund = doing
Past Participle = done
MORE ON THE VERB TO DO
!Note – The auxiliary verb ‘do’ is always followed by the base form (infinitive).
TO HAVE
Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language.
Base form = have
Present form = have / has
Past form = had
Present Participle / Gerund = having
Past Participle = had
MORE ON THE VERB TO HAVE
“MT6”My Family
For almost anyone, there is nothing more important in the world than their family. I love my family too. Today I want to tell you about them. My family is very small. I consist of my mother and my sister. My mother’s name is Nigora, she owns her own clothing store. My mother works as a seller in the store. I am a student at Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute and I help my mother in the store in my spare time. My sister’s name is Dilnoza and she is a third-year student at my institute. Every weekend we have dinner at a restaurant with our family, it’s our family tradition. I love my mother and sister very much, they are the meaning of my life!
You for your attention!