[
72 ] The Great Transformation
assumptions order in the production and distribution of goods is en-
sured by prices alone.
Self-regulation implies that all production is for sale on the market
and that all incomes derive from such sales. Accordingly, there are
markets for all elements of industry, not only for goods (always in-
cluding services) but also for labor, land, and money, their prices be-
ing called respectively commodity prices, wages, rent, and interest.
The very terms indicate that prices form incomes: interest is the price
for the use of money and forms the income of those who are in the po-
sition to provide it; rent is the price for the use of land and forms the
income of those who supply it; wages are the price for the use of labor
power and form the income of those who sell it; commodity prices,
finally, contribute to the incomes of those who sell their entrepreneur-
ial services, the income called profit being actually the difference be-
tween two sets of prices, the price of the goods produced and their
cost, i.e., the price of the goods necessary to produce them. If these
conditions are fulfilled, all incomes derive from sales on the market,
and incomes will be just sufficient to buy all the goods produced.
A further group of assumptions follows in respect to the state and
its policy. Nothing must be allowed to inhibit the formation of mar-
kets, nor must incomes be permitted to be formed otherwise than
through sales. Neither must there be any interference with the adjust-
ment of prices to changed market conditions—whether the prices are
those of goods, labor, land, or money. Hence there must not only be
markets for all elements of industry, but no measure or policy must be
countenanced that would influence the action of these markets. Nei-
ther price, nor supply, nor demand must be fixed or regulated; only
such policies and measures are in order which help to ensure the self-
regulation of the market by creating conditions which make the mar-
ket the only organizing power in the economic sphere.*
To realize fully what this means, let us return for a moment to the
mercantile system and the national markets which it did so much to
develop. Under feudalism and the guild system land and labor formed
part of the social organization itself (money had yet hardly developed
into a major element of industry). Land, the pivotal element in the
feudal order, was the basis of the military, judicial, administrative, and
* Henderson, H. D.,
Supply and Demand, 1922. The function of the market is two-
fold: the apportionment of factors between different uses and the organizing of the
forces influencing aggregate supplies of factors.