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Difference between classical and operant conditioning
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Difference between classical and operant conditioning Classical – natural and reflexive response is elicited by a learned stimulus e.g. woman who has undergone three session of chemotherapy becomes nauseated as she enters hospital for the fourth session….Its elements include
Operant – Behavior is determined by its consequence for the individual…The likelihood that behavior will occur is increased by reinforcements and decreased by punishment. Positive reinforcement- introduction of positive stimulus that result in increased behavior. Negative reinforcement- removal of averse stimulus that results in an increase in rate of behavior. Punishment – introduction of averse stimulus aimed at reducing unwanted behavior. More stuff…. Classic conditioning: person is put in relaxed state then shown that phobia isn’t harmful. Biofeedback (operant conditioning): through process of operant conditioning, the person is given ongoing physiological information (e.g. b.p measurement), which acts as reinforcement when bp drops. Low yield facts: Averse conditioning: Pairs maladaptive but pleasurable stimulus with an averse or painful stimulus (e.g. shock) so that the two become associated…..eg used for paedophiles Systemic Desensitization: increasing dose of fear- provoking stimulus are paired with a relaxing stimulus to induce a relaxation response. Flooding: The person is exposed to actual (flooding) or imagined (implosion) overwhelming dose of the feared stimulus. LEARNING THEORY Classical Conditioning & Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning:
Basic Findings:
Pavlov’s apparatus: -Diagram of the apparatus used by Pavlov for his study of conditioning with dogs (adapted from Yerkes & Morgulis, 1909)
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
TOKEN ECONOMIES:
Basic findings:
Skinner: Schedules of Partial Reinforcement:
To recap….
Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Behaviors are linked to external stimuli, and are likely to reoccur in the presence of those stimuli
Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning – behavioral responses occur more frequently or less frequently as a function of a pleasurable or noxious consequence
Some Learning Terminology
Learning Theory and Behavior
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Classical Conditioning
CERTAIN FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING STIMULUS GENERALIZATION:
EXTINCTION
DISCRIMINATION:
B. F. Skinner OPERANT CONDITIONING
TYPES OF REINFORCER A POSITIVE REINFORCER:
A NEGATIVE REINFORCER:
PUNISHMENT:
EXTINCTION:
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES CONTINOUS REINFORCEMENT:
VARIABLE RATIO REINFORCEMENT:
VARIABLE INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT:
MODELING & OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION:
THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING EXPOSURE (flooding or implosion):
THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AVERSIVE CONDITIONING
THERAPIES BASED ON OPERANT CONDITIONING SHAPING:
THERAPIES BASED ON BOTH TYPES OF CONDITIONING EXTINCTION:
THERAPIES BASED ON OPERANT CONDITIONING STIMULUS CONTROL:
THERAPIES BASED ON OPERANT CONDITIONING FADING:
BIOFEEDBACK
BIOFEEDBACK
Stanley Milgram’s Experiment: “Obedience and Individual Responsibility”: Defense based on “obedience” that they were just following orders of their superiors. Bad Bloo: Tuskegee syphilis study: unethical Psychoanalytic theory and ALL THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS!!! Should be able to differentiate: some examples and asked what defense mechanism is showing: Defense mechanism 6.2 Acting out – to get attention e.g. having multiple sexual partners after parent’s divorce. Altruism- assisting others to avoid negative personal feelings e.g. social worker with poor self image helps out at the youth club on weekends. Denial- not accepting aspects of reality that the person finds unbearable e.g. alcoholic insists that he’s only a social drinker Displacement- moving emotions from a personally intolerable situation to one that is personally tolerable e.g. Surgeon mistreats female patients cos of unacknowledged anger towards his mother. Dissociation- teenager has no memory of accident which killed his girlfriend and he was the driver. Humor- A man concerned about his erectile dysfunction makes jokes about Viagra Identification – a man terrorized by his gym teacher becomes a critical gym teacher. Intellectualization – using mind’s higher function to avoid experiencing emotion e.g. medical student does extensive research on a patient’s condition before going to tell her about her illness. Isolation- woman tells her family sad news about her cancer without showing any emotions. Projection- a man who fancies his wife’s sister begins to accuse the wife of cheating. Rationalization – Man looses one arm and says it was good cos it kept him from getting in trouble with the law. Reaction formation- woman unconscious of child rearing overspends on the child Regression – acting like a young child eg grown man asking for mummy before his operation, or 5 yr old child wets bed after mum has a new baby. Splitting – categorizing of people or situations into fabulous or dreadful….seen in borderline personality disorder patients Suppression – medical student studying for USMLE, mentally changes the subject when her mind wanders to the exam during a lecture. Undoing – Believing that one can magically reverse past events caused by incorrect behavior e.g. HIV positive drug use patient stops using drugs, and starts exercise and healthful diet program. DEFENSE MECHANISMS • DEFENCE MECHANISMS ARE THE PRIMARY TOOL OF EGO, USED TO MANAGE THE INTERNAL CONFLICTS BETWEEN DEMANDS OF ID AND RESTRICTION OF SUPEREGO. THEY ARE THE MEANS BY WHICH THE EGO WARDS OFF ANXIETY AND CONTROL INSTINCTIVE URGES AND UNPLEASENT AFFECTS(EMOTIONS).
-a man with unconscious homosexual impulses begins to believe that his boss is homosexual DENIAL • NOT BELIEVING ASPECTS OF REALITY THAT PERSON FINDS UNBEARABLE – AFTER SURVIVING A HEART ATTACK, A PATIENT INSISTS ON CONTINUING HIS LIFESTYLE AS IF NOTHING HAD HAPPENED. – A CHILD WHO IS ABUSED INSISTS THAT SHE HAS BEEN TREATED WELL. -an alcoholic insists that he is only a social drinker SPLITTING -categorizing people or situations into categories of either “fabulous” or “dreadful” b/c of intolerance of ambiguity • PEOPLE AND THINGS IN THE WORLD ARE PERCIEVED AS ALL GOOD OR ALL BAD.THE WORLD IS PICTURED IN EXTREME TERMS. • SEEN IN PATIENT WITH BODERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER – THIS DOCTOR IS MIRACLE WORKER BUT THAT DOCTOR IS TOTALLY INCOMPETENT – ‘HE IS JUST SO PERFECT AND WONDERFUL ” SAYS A TEENAGE GIRL IN LOVE. IMMATURE DEFENSES USED BY ADOLESCENTS, DEPRESSIVE, OBSESSIVE AND COMPULSIVE INDIVIDUALS -A patient tells the doctor that while all of the doctors in the group practice are wonderful, all of the nurses and office help are unfriendly and curt BLOCKING • TEMPORARY OR TRANSIENT BLOCK IN THINKING OR INABILITY TO REMEMBER • BLOCKING IS DISRUPTIVE AND EMBARRASING. – AS STUDENT IS UNABLE TO RECALL THE FACTS NEEDED TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS , ALTHOUGH HE RECALLS THEM AS HE WALKS OUT OF THE EXAM. – IN THE MIDDLE OF CONVERSATION, A WOMEN PAUSES, LOOKED CONFUSED, AND ASKS ‘WHAT WAS I JUST TALKING ABOUT” REGRESSION • RETURNING TO EARLY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT • REGRESSION IS COMMON WHEN PEOPLE ARE TIRED, ILL OR UNCOMFORTABLE – A PATIENT LIES IN A BED CURLED UP IN A FETAL POSITION – A HUSBAND SPEAKS TO HIS WIFE IN ‘BABYTALK’ – ENURESIS IN PREVIOUSLY TOILET TRAINED CHILD FOLLOWING BIRTH OF A SIBLING -a 5 year old child who was previously toilet-trained begins to wet the bed when his mother has a new baby SOMATIZATION • PSYCHIC FEELINGS ARE CONVERTED INTO BODILY SYMPTOMS • EXTREME FORMS ARE SOMATIZATION ARE DIAGNOSED AS SOMATOFORM DISORDERS • SYMPTOMS ARE PHYSICALLY REAL AND NOT IMAGINED – GETTING HEADACHE WHILE TAKING EXAM – FEELING NAUSEATED BEFORE ASKING SOMEONE OUT ON THE DATE INTROJECTION (IDENTIFICATION) • FEATURES OF EXTERNAL WORLD AND PERSONS ARE TAKEN IN AND MADE PART OF SELF. • INTROJECTION IS WHY CHILDRENS ACT LIKE THEIR PARENTS – A RESIDENT DRESSES AND ACTS LIKE THE ATTENDING PHYSICIAN – A TEENAGER ADOPTS THE STYLE AND MANNERISMS OF A ROCK STAR. ANXIETY OR NEUROTIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS SEEN IN ADULTS UNDER STRESS DISPLACEMENT: Moving emotions from a personally intolerable situation to one that is personally tolerable • CHANGING THE TARGET OF AN EMOTION OR DRIVE. • PHOBIAS ARE RESULT OF DISPLACEMENT – A MAN WHO IS ANGRY AT HIS BOSS POUNDS ON HIS DESK RATHER THAN TELLING HIS BOSS HOW HE FEELS – AN ATTENDING PHYSICIAN SCOLDS A RESIDENT WHO LATER EXPRESSES HIS ANGER BY YELLING AT THE MEDICAL STUDENT -a surgeon attending with unacknowledged anger toward his mother is abrasive to the female residences on his service REPRESSION • AN IDEA OR FEELING IS ELIMINATED FROM CONSCIOUSNESS. • CONTENTS ARE USUALLY NOT RECOVERABLE WITHOUT SOME TRAUMA OR PSYCHOANALYSIS – A MAN WHO SURVIVED 6 MONTHS IN CONCENTRTION CAMP CANNOT RECALL ANYTHING ABOUT HIS LIFE DURING THAT TIME PERIOD – A CHILD WHO WAS ABUSED BY HER MOTHER AND WAS TREATED FOR ABUSE, NOW HAS NO MEMORY OF ANY MISTREATMENT BY HER MOTHER. ISOLATION OF AFFECT • REALITY IS ACCEPTED, BUT WITHOUT THE EXPECTED HUMAN EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO THAT REALITY. • THE BLAND AFFECT OF SCHIZOPHRENICS, LA BELLE INDIFFERENCE SEEN IN CONCERSION DISORDER IS MAINIFESTATION OF THIS MECHANISM. – A CHILD WHO HAS BEEN BEATEN DISCUSSES THE BEATING WITHOUT ANY DISPLAY OF EMOTIONS – A PATIENT WHO HAS HAD A FINGER SEVERED IN AN ACCIDENT DESCRIBES THE INCIDENT TO HIS PHYSICIAN WITHOUT ANY EMOTIONAL REACTION -without showing any emotion, a woman tells her family the results of tests which indicate that her lung cancer was metastasized INTELLECTUALIZATION • AFFECT IS STRIPPED AWAY AND REPLACED BY AN EXCESSIVE USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROCESS • INTELLECT IN PLACE OF EMOTION • OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE ANXIETY DISORDER IS BASED ON THIS MECHANISM – A PHYSICIAN TELLS THE PATIENT ABOUT HIS POOR PROGNOSIS AND TALKS A GREAT DEAL ABOUT THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS BY WHICH PROGNOSIS WAS DERIVED – A SAILOR WHOSE BOAT IS ABOUT TO SINK EXPLAINS THE TECHNICAL OF THE HULL DAMAGE IN GREAT DETAILS TO ANOTHER CREW MEMBERS. ACTING OUT • MASSIVE EMOTIONAL OR BEHAVIORAL OUTBURST TO COVER UP UNDERLYING FEELING OR IDEA • AVOIDING PERSONALLY UNACCEPTABLE EMOTIONS BY BEHAVING IN ATTENTION GETTING OFTEN SOCIALLY INAPPROPRIATE MANNER • COMMONLY SEEN IN BODERLINE AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY – WHISTLING IN THE DARK HIDES THE REAL UNDERLYING FEAR – A DEPRESSED 14 YEAR OLD GIRL WITH NO HISTORY OF CONDUCT DISORDER HAS SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS WITH MULTIPLE PATNERS AFTER HER PARENTS DIVORCE RATIONALIZATION • RATIONAL EXPLANATIONS ARE USED TO JUSTIFY ATTITUDES, BELIEFS OR BEHAVIORS THAT ARE UNACCEPTABLE. • USE TO RELIEVE GUILT AND SHAME • OFTEN ACCOMPANIES OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR – YES, I BELIEVE KILLING IS WRONG BUT I KILLED HIM BECAUSE HE DESERVED IT – A MAN WHO IS UNFAITHFUL TO HIS WIFE BELIEVES THAT THIS AFFAIR WILL MAKE HIM APPRECIATE HIS WIFE MORE -a man who loses an arm in an accident says the loss of his arm was good b/c it kept him from getting in trouble with the law REACTION FORMATION • AN UNACCEPTABLE INPULSE IS TRANSFORMED INTO ITS OPPOSITE • FIND IN MANY ANXIETY DISORDER – A STUDENT WHO ALWAYS WANTED TO BE A PHYSICIAN EXPRESS RELIEF AND SAYS ‘THIS IS A BEST NEWS I EVER HEARD’, AFTER NOT BEING ACCEPTED TO A MEDICAL SCHOOL. – A TEENAGER BOY INTRIGUED BY ‘DIRTY PICTURE’ ORGANIZES AN ANTIPORNOGRAPHY COMPAIGN. UNDOING • ACTING OUT REVERSE OF THE UNACCEPTABLE FEELINGS • SEEN IN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER – A MAN WHO IS SEXUALLY AROUSED BY A WOMEN HE MEETS IMMEDIATELY LEAVES AND BUYS FLOWERS FOR HIS WIFE – SUPERSTITIONS SUCH AS ‘KNOCK ON WOOD’ AFTER WISHING SOMEONE WELL -a woman who is terminally ill with AIDS caused by drug abuse, stops using drugs and alcohol and starts an exercise and healthful diet program PASSIVE AGRESSIVE • NONPERFORMANCE OR POOR PERFORMANCE AFTER SETTING UP THE EXPECTATIONS OF PERFORMANCE. • OFTEN USED BY BODERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER AND YOUNG CHILDRENS – A STUDENT AGREES TO SHARE CLASS NOTES BUT GOES HOME WITHOUT SHARING THEM – A PHYSICIAN IGNORES OR DOES NOT ANSWER QUESTIONS OF THE PATIENT THAT HE FINDS ANNOYING. • THE FEELINGS OF HOSTILITY ARE UNCONCIOUS AND THE PERSON USING THE DEFENCE IS GENERALLY UNAWARE OF THEM DISSOCIATION • SEPERATING SELF FROM ONE’S EXPERIENCE. • IN EXTREME FORMS , BECOMES DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER, FUGUE STATE, AMNESIA AND IDENTITY DISORDER. – A WOMAN WHO WAS RAPED REPORTS THAT IT WAS AS IF SHE WAS FLOATING ON THE CEILING AND WATCHING IT HAPPEN – THE SURVIVOR OF AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT TELLS OF THE FEELING THAT EVERYTHING HAPPENED IN SLOW MOTION MATURE DEFENSE MECHANISMS USED BY NORMAL ADULTS -a teenager has no memory of a car accident in which he was driving and his girlfriend was killed ALTURISM • ASSISTING OTHERS TO AVOID NEGATIVE PERSONAL FEELINGS • UNSELFISHLY ASSISTING OTHERS • A WOMAN WHO HAS A BREAST CANCER LEADS A SUPPORT GROUP FOR OTHER WOMENS WITH BREAST CANCER -a man with a poor self-image, who is a social worker during the week, donates every other weekend to charity work HUMER • EXPRESSING PERSONALLY UNCOMFORTABLE FEELINGS WITHOUT CAUSING EMOTIONAL DISCOMFORT – A MAN LAUGHS WHEN HE IS TOLD HE IS GOING TO FIRED – A TERMINALLY ILL CANCER PATIENT MAKES FUN OF HIS CONDITION • LAUGHTER COVERS PAIN AND ANXIETY SUBLIMATION • IMPULSE GRATIFICTION IS ACHIEVED BY CHANNELING THE UNACCEPTABLE IMPULSES INTO SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE DIRECTIONS – AN EXECUTIVE WHO IS ATTRACTED TO A FEMALE ASSOCIATE BECOMES HER MENTOR AND ADVISOR – A MAN WHO GOT INTO FIGHTS REGULARLY AS A TEENAGER, GROWS UP TO BECOME A PROFESSIONAL FIGHTER. SUPPRESSION • DELIBERATELY PUSHING PERSONALLY UNACCEPTABLE EMOTIONS OUT OF CONSCIOUS AWARENESS • ONLY DEFENCE MECHANISM THAT USES SOME ASPECT OF CONSCIOUSNESS. – A STUDENT DECIDES TO FORGET ABOUT THE PENDING EXAM TO GO OUT AND HAVE A GOOD TIME FOR AN EVENING – A TERMINALLY ILL CANCER PATIENT PUTS ASIDE HIS ANXIETY ANS ENJOY FAMILY GATHERING. -a medical student taking a review course for the USMLE, mentally changes the subject when her mind wanders to the exam during a lecture Sample q’s by Dr. Gall Name Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive development? Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Preoperational (2-7 years) Concrete (7-11 years) Formal (11- End of adolescence) What is the law of conservation and which stage is it seen? This law states that the child becomes to the realization that changing the shape does not alter the quantity of the object: seen in CONCRETE STAGE. In which stage is a child said to be egocentric? Preoperational In which tanner stage are breast buds seen? Tanner stage 2 A midlife crisis may lead to? A change in profession or lifestyle Infidelity, separation, divorce Increase use of alcohol or drugs Depression
Answer Choices: A. Undoing B. Splitting C. Projection D. Denial E. Reaction Formation F. Isolation of Affect G. Displacement H. Acting Out I. Introjection J. Regression Statements/Answers 1. Alcoholic claims he is simply a social drinker --> D 2. A resident begins to dress like his/her attending --> I 3. An abused child throws a temper tantrum --> H 4. Two co-workers constantly bicker, but in reality, have feelings for each other --> E 5. The day is nurse is very good, but the night nurse is horrible --> B 6. Man cheating on his wife suspects his wife is also cheating on him without any evidence --> C 7. Person angry with boss pounds his desk rather than talk to his boss --> G 8. Child pees his bed when he's ill --> J 9. A beaten child is able to discuss his experiences without any emotion --> F Then Freud’s theory: toprogialh and Super ego, ego: what’s the difference between superego and ego, What the difference is between conscious, unconscious Yüklə 0,87 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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