Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Trichoderma,
and Stachybotrys were widely distributed genera. The dominant genus was Aspergillus.
On the basis of the
identification of the fungal colonies obtained from the soil and air samples which were taken from the
studied areas it was found that, toxigenic fungi species were widely distributed in polluted areas than the
others. Thus, in our investigation we have found that in samples which were
taken from the non polluted
areas occurence only 9 genus of toxigenic fungi, but in polluted soil samples we have found that it was 14
genus. So this allows us to say that the oil contaminated sites may be play as an indicator role for the
development of toxigenic fungi.
As the quantitative analysis of the microscopic fungi cultures isolated from the different areas of Baku
city has shown that the moderately and fast growing toxigenic species of
Aspergillus nidulans, A.ruber ,
A.solani, A.ustus, A. Versicolor, Candida alpicans, C.lipolytica ,
Chaetomium celluloliticum, Fuzarium
oxysporium, F.semitechtum, F. Sporotrichiella, Gliocladium album, Penicillium granulatum, P.citreonigrum,
P.islandicum, P.variabile, Trichoderma viride ,
Trichoderma harzianum, T.lignorum, Stachybotrys atra
represent the more in these studied anthropogenic areas than the relatively unpolluted areas.
Finally, 49 selected species studied for their toxigenicity and according to the
literature information it
was found that, 24 species of them are toxigenic[2,3]. For example, some
Aspergillus species, such as –
A.
fumigatus and
A. flavus can cause serious disease(especially allergic diseases) in humans and animals.
Inhalation of
Aspergillus fumigatus conidia can cause severe aspergillosis in immunosuppressed people
because the potential toxicity of a large number of secondary metabolites are present in these airborne
conidia.
Cladosporium can cause allergies and asthma in some people and in very rare cases, it can cause
infections. Penicillium species make potent toxins, such as Ochratoxins that this toxin can causes a major
toxicosis in living things. They mostly known as a carcinogen and nephrotoxin and have been linked to
tumors in the human urinary tract.
In addition, they inhibit mitochondrial ATP production; And it was
cleared that, from those species
P.citreonigrum and P.islandicum were widely distributed in studied areas.
Alternaria consists of numerous toxigenic species and are known as major plant pathogens. Many
species of Alternaria are pathogen, opportunist-pathogen and toxigen. İn addition all of these, the mold
Alternaria is a well recognized allergy causing fungus. They can cause certain allergies and opportunistic
infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients and can cause alternariosis and
alternariatoxicosis in humans and animals. This
paper shows that, toxigenic
A.alternata, A.arborescens
spread in anthropogenic areas.
According to the samples were taken from the soil and air layer of the city were determined that
toxigenic Stachybotrys atra(also called S.chartarum) was also spread in studied areas. And mycotoxins
produced by them known as satratoxins. Inhalation of Stachybotrys toxic spores may result in
trichothecene absorbtion. Due to their low molecular weight, spores are easily transported through the air
and in most cases cause different toxicological health impacts. Exposure to Stachybotrys toxins has been
reported to cause human neurotoxicity. All spores are allergenic, can become harmful at some dose, and
even extremely potent compounds become harmless at low enough concentrations. The members of this
genus also can cause many allergological problems in some asthmatic individuals[3,4].
DISCUSSION
The results obtained in this study have provided that the anthropogenic impact on the
ecosystem play
a dominant role in the distribution of toxigenic fungi. This research has shown that some toxigenic species,
such as
Aspergillus nidulans, A.ustus, Chaetomium celluloliticum, Fuzarium oxysporium, F.semitechtum,
Penicillium granulatum, P.citreonigrum, P.islandicum, P.variabile, Trichoderma viride ,
Trichoderma
harzianum, T.lignorum, Stachybotrys atra exhibit an extremely wide metabolic diversity in these areas.
The increase in toxic species populations following pollution impact can also be used as an indicator that
pollution is occurring.
And the production of toxins by these fungi in mostly depends on the
environmental conditions
This demonstrated that toxigenic species of fungi have the pathogenic and toxicological health
impacts to humans live in these area. Also they have many toxic effects for plants and animals. At last all
the members of these toxigenic fungi study of their morphological, physiological and biochemical poperties
and thus based on their literature information determined that they can demonstrate toxicity,
pathogenicity, opportunistic-patogenicity properties in plants, animals, especially in humans.
In conclusion
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in our experiments indicate that to study of the members, composition, biology and ecology of that
toxigenic fungi species and their toxigenic properties is important topic in the assessment of risk factor on
human health.
LITERATURE
1.
Muradov P.Z., Gahramanova F.KH., Bakhshaliyeva K.F., Bakshiyeva G.R., Alkishiyeva K.S. Changes in the
species composition for fungi distributed at the natural and anthropogenically disturbed genosis. // Ciencia e
Tecnica Vitivinicola , A science and Technology Journal,
Portugal, 2016, V.31, №6.2016.
2.
Berek, L., I. B. Petri, A. Mesterhazy, J. Teren, and J. Molnar. 2001. Effects of mycotoxins on human immune
functions in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 15:25-30.
3.
Betina, V. E. 1989. Mycotoxins: chemical, biological, and environmental aspects. Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
4.
Busby, W. F., Jr, and G. N. Wogan. 1985. Aflatoxins, p. 487-539. In S. E. Searle (ed.), Chemical carcinogens.
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
5.
Frank M. DuganThe Identification of Fungi. The American
Phytopathological Society, St, Paul, Minnesota
U.S.A (2006).
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