Understanding the problems of inland waters: case study
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- References .
- The threat of plastic pollution to marine fauna of Caspian Sea
- Keywords
- Microplastic
the specified value. When the pressure is low in the well, when the temperature increases, the machine runs.Technological collection levels are provided by level indicator, protective valve, level and pressure regulators. The system is also designed with arrangement in order to prevent beatings.Improper application of these valves during well exploitation may lead to environmental pollution.In any well, the well-protective "cut-off valve" is swithch on, the light and sound signals enter into the operator room ,and as a result, the cause of failure in the well is investigated and measures are taken. Discussion . Thus, we can minimize environmental damage by using methods to ensure the safety of oil and gas wells extracted from the aquatic environment, throwing of rocks into the sea extracted from the well after cleaning and cleaning composition of the drilling fluids. However, it is not possible to completely eliminate it, as there are accidents in the well drilling process. The reason for these accidents is due to the carelessness of the drilling brigade. As a result of the laboratory research it was determined that, drilled rocks contain up to 8% of the chemical reagents, the concentration of these reagents in normal drilling condition may be as follows: Picture 1. Oil membrance on the surface of the Caspian Sea. In the event of accidents, oil, petrol and diesel fuel in most cases, and burning products during fires spread to the environment. When oil products flow into the sea, the oil membrane forms on the surface of the sea. Depending on the initial thickness of the oil membrance , up to 15-50% of oil products remain in the oil membrance spread after the fire (picture 1). 346 clayey solution , q/l 0,5-1,0 Drilling cuttings, q/l <0,5 barite, q/l 0,5 Lime , q/l ≤0,005 References . S.Rasulov, A.S .Sadigov, N.Zeynalov, Baku-2015 "Oil and gas well drilling safety"; Azerbaijan Oil Magazine, Baku 2015, p. 57-59; M.F.Mir-Babayev, A.Khalilova, A.M.Alasgarov, "Ecology of the oil industry", p. 23-29. 347 The threat of plastic pollution to marine fauna of Caspian Sea Taghizadeh Rahmat Abadi 1 , Z., Abtahi 1 , B., Khodabandeh 2 , S. 1 Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran 2 Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Keywords: Marine pollution, Microplastic, Plastic ingestion Introduction The Caspian Sea (CS) is the largest inland body of water on Earth without outflows, shared coastlines between five countries. The entire extension of the southern coast belongs to Iran and is rimmed by the Alborz Mountain Ridge (Zonn and Kosarev, 2010). Today, the southern coast of the CS is home to thousands of people and attracts millions of tourists each year. At the beginning of this century, the major environmental issues of CS were the impact of sea level fluctuations on coastal inhabitants, the drastic decline in sturgeon populations, and water pollution (Jafari, 2010). Oil and gas offshore and onshore operations, industrial, municipal and agricultural wastes, in addition to unregulated transport and equipment traffic, were the main sources of pollution. Now, plastic pollution is a rising problem. Plastics have become crucial to many areas of modern life, used for manufacture to the transportation of almost all products (Isensee and Valdes, 2015). Along with an extreme increase in plastic production, plastics are the fastest growing component of waste. Every year, more than 2 million tons of plastics use in Iran that much of them litter the landscapes. Only in Iranian rim of CS, around 7% of 6600 tons of daily produced trashes are plastics, 90% of them are polluting the river banks, wetlands, beaches, and forests. Plastics enter the sea by wind blowing, directly through the poor waste management, shipping, fishing and illegal dumping. Furthermore, over 130 rivers, including enormous Volga River, provide inflow and debris to the Sea from the drained lands. Globally, almost 10% of the annual production ends up into the oceans, and plastic debris accumulation has been reported as a global scale phenomenon (Avio et al., 2015). Adverse effects of macro-size plastics have been documented in terms of the decrease of aesthetic values of coastal areas, entanglement and physical damages to locomotory, respiratory or digestive appendages lead to death in marine mammals, turtles, seabirds, fish, and invertebrates (Wilcox et al., 2015; Isensee and Valdes, 2015). In 2009 approximately 10% of 312 stranded carcasses of Caspian Seal showed direct evidence of entanglement in large mesh nets (Dmitrieva et al., 2013). Wilcox et al., 2015 predicted plastics ingestion increases in seabirds, and it will reach 99% of all species by 2050. Large floating pieces may act as habitat, or promote rafting by alien species representing an additional risk to local biodiversity or spread diseases (Browne et al., 2015; Avio et al., 2015). Microplastic As a result of their durability, plastic particles might persist in their initial condition for up to 50 years in the marine environment (Wegner et al., 2012). Then, under the influence of wave action and UV, large plastics gradually degrade into smaller fractions, thus giving rise to fragments generally categorized as microplastics (<5 mm) (Lusher et al., 2013). Considerable amounts of micro-sized plastic particles are also directly introduced into the water systems. Particles in the form of granules and resin pellets (2- 6 mm), the raw material of plastic manufacture, are released during transport and handling. Many of them can easily found in trash lines of Southern CS especially near busy Anzali and Amirabad ports. Other sources of them are consumer products like facial cleansers and toothpaste (median size, 196- 375mm) as well as industrial abrasives (Wegner et al., 2012). Decreasing size, the plastic fragments are potentially available to an increasing number of marine species and the problems change 348 when animals start to inhale or ingest it (Browne et al., 2015). They have been ingested by invertebrates such as zooplankton, polychaetes, bivalves, crustaceans, echinoderms, salps, etc. of different trophic levels and by marine vertebrates (Lusher et al., 2013; Nobre et al., 2015). There is also evidence of take-up microplastics via trophic transfer (Naji et al., 2018). It is also known that plastic polymers tend to accumulate persistent and toxic hydrophobic pollutants (POPs) such as PAHs, PCBs, and DDT at higher concentrations than seawater or sediments according to the time of exposure, type of resin and its characteristics (Nobre et al., 2015). A recent study carried on sediment and plastic wastes of Miankaleh (Eastern part of Southern CS) showed a much higher concentration of PAH compounds on the plastics than sediment (Rajabi and Riyahi, 2018). This might increase the risk of exposure to marine organisms, by which bioaccumulation and biomagnification could occur through the food chain (Naji et al., 2018). Plastics are also made with several chemical pollutants known to be toxic and disrupt the functioning of the endocrine system (Rochman et al., 2014). These chemical compounds such as emollients, colorants, antioxidants, and UV-stabilizers are usually added in order to enhance their performance. Studies carried on the surface water and sediment of Anzali wetland (west of Southern CS) to determine the concentration of two plasticizers showed their amounts were higher than the environmental risk limit (Hassanzadeh et al., 2014a, b). The additives can leach from ingested microplastics into the body of organisms and their biological effects can be severe (Rochman et al., 2014). Conclusion A recent review of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity documented over 600 species, ranging from microorganisms to whales, affected by marine plastic waste (Wilcox et al., 2015). Microplastics can accumulate in high numbers in the intestines, resulting in physical harm, promote a false sense of satiation, transfer plastic additive toxins and POPs causing carcinogenesis and endocrine disorders, and leave cellular alterations (Lusher et al., 2013; Avio et al., 2015). The Caspian’s ecosystem has already suffered from extensive pollution. A huge number of macroplastics and microplastics of different shape, color, size, and types are found on the shorelines and sea surface. Considering the other chemical pollutants of Caspian Sea, and absorbing behavior of microplastics, they can act as a vector of chemicals and microbes to fragile marine food chains and human. This additional stress is a real threat to Caspian Sea Fauna and needs a regional monitoring program and strong acts to decrease the ecological and biological effects of plastic pollution. References Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., d'Errico, G., Pauletto, M., Bargelloni, L. & Regoli, F. (2015). Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels, Environmental Pollution, 198, 211-222. Browne, M.A., Underwood, A.J., Chapman, M.G., Williams, R., Thompson, R.C. & van Franeker, J.A. (2015). Linking effects of anthropogenic debris to ecological impacts, Proc. R. Soc. B, 282, 20142929. Dmitrieva, L., Kondakov, A.A., Oleynikov, E., Kydyrmanov, A., Karamendin, K., Kasimbekov, Y., Baimukanov, M., Wilson, S., & Goodman, S.J. (2013). Assessment of Caspian Seal by-catch in an illegal fishery using an interview-based approach. PloS one, 8(6), e67074. Hassanzadeh, N., EsmailiSari, A. E., Khodabandeh, S., & Bahramifar, N. (2014a). Occurrence and distribution of two phthalate esters in the sediments of the Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). Marine pollution bulletin, 89(1-2), 128-135. 349 Hassanzadeh N, EsmailiSari A, Khodabandeh S, & Bahramifar N. The Concentrations of Di (2- Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DnBP) in the Surface Waters of Anzali Wetland in May 2013. (2014b) J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci., 24 (117), 204-213. Jafari, N. (2010). Review of pollution sources and controls in Caspian Sea region. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 2(2), 025-029. Isensee, K., & Valdes, L. (2015). Marine Litter: Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO, GSDR. Lusher, A.L., McHugh, M. & Thompson, R.C. (2013). Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 67, 94–99. Naji, A., Nuri, M., & Vethaak, A.D. (2018). Microplastics contamination in molluscs from the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Environmental Pollution, 235, 113-120. Nobre, C.R., Santana, M.F. M., Maluf, A., Cortez, F.S., Cesar, A., Pereira, C.D.S., & Turra, A. (2015). Assessment of microplastic toxicity to embryonic development of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Marine pollution bulletin, 92(1-2), 99-104. Rajabi Hasanabadi, Z. & Riyahi Bakhtyari, A. (2018). Concentration of PAH compounds in plastic waste and coastal sediments of Miankaleh Protected area. International Conference on Natural Resources Management in Developing Countries, Tehran, Iran. Rochman, C.M., Kurobe, T., Flores, I. & The, S.J., (2014). Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine environment, Science of The Total Environment, 493(15): 656-661. Wegner, A., Besseling, E., Foekema, E.M., Kamermans, P. & Koelmans, A.A., (2012). Effects of nanopolystyrene on the feeding behavior of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.), Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2490–2497. Wilcox, C., Van Sebille, E., & Hardesty, B.D. (2015). Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (38), 11899-11904. Zonn, I.S., & Kosarev, A.N. (2010). The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia (p. 527). M. H. Glantz (Ed.). Berlin: Springer. 350 Document Outline
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