wastewater that flows to the lake constitutes the main part of its water balance (69.8 %). Although
very dirty, waste-water (9.153 mln.m
3
) is a major source of non-drying
and protection of lake
ecosystem. Filling and turning into a overflow lake, even increase of area in recent years (5.41%)
are also explained by wastewater.
Lake water balance components
Water volume, mln.m
3
Total water volume of lake
3.500
Precipitation fallen over lake surface
0.528
Surface runoff
into lake
1.963
Underground water flowing into lake
1.468
Wastewater discharge into lake
9.153
Total income part of water balance
13.112
Evaporation from lake surface
2.096
Outflows from lake
7.056
Infiltration from lake bottom
0.460
Total losses part of water balance
9.612
Table 1. Water balance of Lake Hocahasan
Estimated average annual water balance elements of Lankaran river for 2017 are expressed in
following values: precipitation-874.2 mm, actual evaporation-486.6 mm, humidity coefficient-1.27,
rational coefficient-0.2565, infiltration coefficient-0.2513, hydrological losses-649.9 mm, initial
abstraction-353.7 mm, soil moisture-296.2 mm.
Study results show that current water resources
of river (420.23 mln.m
3
) are decreased with comporation 12.9% (482.62 mln.m
3
) after last
assessment in 1978, or 4.8% (441.61 mln.m
3
) in 1989 (Rustamov S.G. & Kashkay R.M., 1989).
Discussion
New methodology is very important from the point of view of solving many problems of
hydrological science, such as estimating of water resources, determining role of water balance
components separately, predicting of water losses risks, protecting available ecosystem and
forecasting more efficient land-use
management, assessing climatic and anthropogenic factors,
etc.
The conceptual advantages of proposed methodology are:
-To eliminate shortcomings in existing methods.
-To alleviate investigation dependence on observation data.
-To insure efficiency, accuracy and interactivity in calculating water resources.
-All scientific results in studies are based only on GIS-technologies.
-There is not spatio-temporal constraint in study.
Investigations over water resources and water balance elements of 29 water bodies show that
errors are very little when comparing of actual gauged values and estimates obtained as a result of
research. The error percentages of 22 water bodies from 29 has been under 10%, only 7 rivers
around ±10-15%. The results may be used also for assessment of the water resources at un-gaged
sites of any territory.
References
Application of satellite remote sensing to support water resources management in Africa.
International
Hydrological Programme of the UNESCO. 2010.
330
Teymurov M.A., Abduyev M.A. Impact of urbanization on Absheron Peninsula lake ecosystem (on
Hojahasan
Lake example). Danish Scientific Journal. Volume 1, №10/2018, pp.18-28.
Lvovich M.I. USSR water balance and its transformation. 1969. Moscow, pp.337.
Ponce V.M., Shetty A.V. A conceptual model of catchment water balance.
Formulation and
calibration.
Hydrology, 1995, pp. 27-40. Online version 2016.
Rustamov S.G., Kashkay R.M. Water resources of Azerbaijan, Baku, Elm publishing. 1989, pp.182.
Thompson. D.B. The Rational Method. Civil Engineering Deptartment Texas Tech University Draft.
2006.
USDA. Urban hydrology for small watersheds. Technical Release 55. 1986.
331
The environmental problems of the Caspian Sea and the reasons for its
occurrence.
Ahadova Aygun
Keywords: Pollution, degradation, extraction, ecological situation, inland waters
İntroduction
The Caspian Sea is the largest world's inland water reservoir and comprises 44 % of world
lake water. Although the surface area varies depending on the level deviation (10-20 %),
the average surface area is 370,000 square kilometers, which is more than the size of
other lakes. The geo-strategic position of the Caspian Sea is of great importance for
Azerbaijan and the region as a whole. Caspian oil plays a special
role in the economic
recovery of the countries in the region, with large oil and gas deposits. In the intensive
development of hydrocarbon reserves, the protection of the biodiversity of the sea and
the improvement of its ecological situation are in the center of attention.
It should be noted that the problems of the Caspian Sea environment are one of the main
factors affecting the sustainable development of the region.
In this regard, Azerbaijan
attaches great importance to the expansion of mutual cooperation based on the
principles of common approach for a broader settlement of these problems, taking into
account the seriousness of environmental problems in the Caspian region and their
impact on socio-economic development. Among these problems, the damage caused by
contamination, marine transport and oil and gas extraction are serious problems. In
addition, the level of the Caspian
Sea level, as well as the serious problems, causes the
destruction of flora and fauna and other facilities.
Materials and methods
Pollution by the rivers.
In addition to the level of devastation in the Caspian Sea problem, the pollution of
seawater pollution and associated environmental degradation are
the most important
problems of the recent period. The rich natural resources and the importance of
treatment have historically caused a large number of people around it. Up to 130 rivers in
the Caspian Sea carry 300 cubic kilometers of water per year. Twelve billion cubic meters
of waste water flows into the Volga River annually. All ecological problems of Russia's
major industrial region are brought to the Caspian through Volga. 95% of hazardous
substances are transported to Volga. There are 145,000 tons of oil, 1353
tons of phenol,
1,160 tons of zinc and other substances. The Kur and Araz rivers bring to the Caspian all
the flows of the South Caucasus, though 70% of Azerbaijan's population uses it for
drinking water. .m and Kur bring 522 million cubic meters of water to the Caspian.
As a result of emissions of pollutants, flowing rivers, 80% of the Caspian Sea water flows
through the Volga River in Russia, as a result of industrial and communal flows.
Anthropogenic activity by Russia and Kazakhstan also increases
the amount of radioactive
waste in the Caspian Sea. To prevent this, the monitoring of the sea situation, the
information structure of the observation system, identification and assessment of
333