Identification and prevention of sources polluting the Caspian Sea during
drilling, completion and exploitation of oil and gas wells in Azerbaijan's
aquatorium.
Hasanov Abulfaz Ashraf
Keywords: oil and gas wells, open fountain, griffins, exploitation of wells,
Caspian Sea, contamination sources.
Introduction.
The oil, which flows into the sea during drilling, completion and operation
of oil and gas wells
in the Caspian Sea, besides, various chemical compositions are used to maintain the wells of
the wells,all of these causes sea pollution. Our goal is to provide environmental safety while
using natural resources. When oil and gas wells are drilled, oil, gas, water manifestations, open
flood and griffin can occur in the well, and it can result leakage of large amounts of oil products
in the Caspian Sea. This will cause formation of oil membrance on the surface of the sea
which leads to the pollution of the Caspian Sea and the destruction of living things there.
Materials and methods.
The open fountain is the
flow of water, gas and oil from well that can not be controlled.When
complex open fountain happens gas more than 1 mln. m
3
of, and oil more than 200 tons can
spill and can be observed with fire. At the same time, in the process of drilling of oil and gas
wells, oil, gas, water or mixtures thereof are observed on the ground at or below the bore.This
event is called griffin. Griffins cause large quantities of oil and gas degradation, layer energy
loss, and environmental pollution. Griffins are natural and artificial. Artificial griffins are
associated with drilling oil and gas wells. One of the main reasons for artificial griffins is non
cementation of protective belts in the construction of wells. Prevention
of griffins requires
considerable funding, and sometimes it is impossible to prevent it. One of the main factors
influencing the quality cementing of wells is the fact that the drilling fluid in the cementing
process is not removed from the back of the belt. As a result of experts research , it was
proved that,
the specific weight, viscosity and sliding tension of the cement solution must be
greater than the drilling solution to effectively remove the drilling fluid from the back of the
belt.
Oil, surface active substances, mine waste water, waste water containing chemicals, and
paraffins can be illustrated mainly environmental pollutants as during the operation of wells.
Operation of wells in the sea environment is conducted with fountain, compressor and depth
pump method. In order to maintain the technological regime in the wells, amount of
mechanical composition of well product, percentage of irrigation,
bottom of well, corner of
well, layer pressure are constantly measured. Violation of the regime of the wells operating
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under fountain and compressor method, change of worker pressure determined with the
decline of the well production. Environmental pollution occurs while controlling the well
operation and rehabilitation of the damaged operation regime. As you can see, there are
several steps to prevent these processes.
Result.
The main source of pollution of the Caspian Sea, except for accidents, is the drilling cuttings,
drilling rig, layer water and layered sand with oil in its composition
that is accumulated during
the drilling of the well. Large volume of drilling sludge generated during drilling require pre-
treatment of oil products and chemical reagents. drilling sludge is rock particles that emerge
from the well when digging wells. Disposal of these into the sea without treatment leads to
the destruction of the ecological balance. Studies show that, limit concentration of
drilling
cuttings for water bodies living in the Caspian Sea is 2.0-2.3%, and thickness which resuls with
death is 1.5-2.9%. Concentration of harmless drilling cuttings prepared in Azerbaijan for the
fauna of the Caspian Sea is 0.3-0.4q / l.
Organic and inorganic chemicals are used to regulate the mechanical properties of the drilling
fluid and as examples of oxygen, sunil, sulfanol, graphite, caustic soda, barite can be shown.
Barite is used to aggravate drilling fluid.
The amount of barite depends on the necessary density of the drilling fluid and sometimes
reaches up to 35%.It should be noted that, chemically processed and heavy drill muds, as well
as barite and chemical reagents included in their composition have a disastrous effect on
fishes and their invertebrates.
Thus, the following measures should be taken to reduce the risk of pollution of the
Caspian Sea
during drilling operations:
1. Choose less toxic reagents when conducting drilling works;
2. Reduce waste toxicity in various ways (chemical, technical and mechanical) in drilling and oil
production;
3. To create waste-free technology by completely neutralizing wastes and use them in various
industries;
4. Constantly to improve environmental standards and apply them to the Caspian Sea.
In the process of exploitation of wells by means of fontan-compressor in sea conditions, the
stationary equipment on the stationary platform is deployed on a new scheme that eliminates
environmental pollution as a result of this scheme. All fountain
wells in this scheme are
equipped with packer and "cut-off valves". "Cutting-valve" should be placed on the lines of the
fountain armature. These valves begin to work when the pressure in the system is lower than
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