-
Marine sediments, fine well sorted sandy materials along with microorganisms and marine
mollusks lime crusts
-
Sand dunes and Aeolians, including fine light brown well sorted sands and iron oxide
without marine
shells
The effect of rapid fluctuations of Caspian sea on the Gorgan bay
The Caspian Sea water level has experienced about 3 m shrinkage between 1930-1978 and has
reached to -28 m water level (fig 2), and as a result the huge parts of Gorgan bay have been dried
out. The maximum drought vulnerability has been observed in western areas of Gorgan bay and
the complete obstruction of Ashooradeh, Chopoghli and Khoozini channels inlets have caused the
blockage of water to the Gorgan bay. But due to sequential Caspian sea water level increment
during 1978-1995, about 2.5 meters, up to -25.5 m, the Gorgan bay has been again completely full
of water during a 22 year period. But the above condition hasn’t last so much and due to the
Caspian Sea second shrinkage from 1995 up to now, and 1.5 meter water level reduction up to -27
m, the Gorgan bay has been dried out and the capacity of communicative
channels inlets have
been seriously diminished.
Fig 2- The Caspian Sea level changing according to the data of Baku sea gauge (1835- 2014)
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Discussion:
According to the obtained results from previous studies on Gorgan bay, due to balance the stable
hydrologic structure of Gorgan bay and Miankaleh wetland, we should use such methods which
are compatible with global warming rate and rapid pendulous scenarios of Caspian Sea. Therefore
some of the most important deterrent proceedings against Gorgan bay drought are as follows:
-
Construction of artificial channel for water exchange with Caspian sea
As a result in order to relate the sea and bay, it is needed to find a new location with better
situation in this resects: the less distance between sea and bay, the Caspian sea bed slope at low
depth areas, the distance to the Amir Abad port.
-
The dredging of old channels
The dredging of old channels is the last, costly and more economically risky way to save the bay. if
the reduction rate of Caspian Sea is considered to be stopped, the dredging of channels in future
won’t be
an unexpected task, just as the project at 1976. But the main question is that: will the
Caspian Sea reducing trend be paused? If the answer is yes, we should expect the new
development phase and then take decisions on dredging the channels on the base of macro-
economic politics.
Conclusion
The overall results of current study shows that considering the rapid fluctuations of Caspian Sea
water level, the best choice to save the Gorgan bay is the environmental compatibility solution. It
means that the reduction and increment phases of Caspian Sea during last 500 years from -28 up
to -25 meters water level should be considered.
Acknowledgment:
This project was supported by Iranian science national foundation, science and technology deputy
of President of Islamic republic of Iran and It was appreciated to all colleagues who were
participated in research with us.
Referrence:
Alizadeh, H. (2010), sedimentology and geochemistry index of Gorgan Bay, the journal of
oceanography, No: 1, pp: 45- 55
Feng., S. (2014), Projected climate regime shift under future global warming from multi- model and
multi scenario CMIP5 simulation, Global and planetary change, Vol 112, PP 41- 52
Khoshravan, H., Vafai, B.,( 2016), Caspian Sea fluctuation (past, recent and future), the
18
international conference of marine industries, Kish Island, Persian Gulf, Iran
Kroonenberg, S. B., E. N. Badyukova, and J. E. A. Storms, E. I. Ignatov & N. S. Kasimov, (2000), a full
sea level cycle in 65 years: barrier dynamics along Caspian shores. Sedimentary Geology, 134, 257-
274.
317
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOXIGENIC FUNGI IN ANTHROPOGENIC AREAS OF BAKU
CITY AND TOXIGENICITY OF THEIR SPECIES
P.Z. Muradov, K.S. Alkishiyeva
*1 A
NAS, İnstitute of Microbiology
*2 Baku State University
Keywords: ecosystem, toxigenic fungi, mycotoxins, mycobiota, anthropogenic impact
İntroduction
Strains of toxigenic fungi produce toxins, which are toxic to all living life forms and these toxic
compounds are called mycotoxins. The most common toxigenic molds are
Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis,
Candida, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Mucor, Stachybotrys, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus,
Trichoderma, Ulocladium and
Verticillium. The distribution of these fungi is cosmopolitan in nature, they
exist virtually everywhere and so, the air we breathe carries a wide variety of them. Some of their
mycotoxins be present within their spores and that airborne fungal spores can pose major health risks to
humans, animal and even plants. Also, they are capable of causing allergic responses in susceptible
individuals. Mycotoxins are chemical toxins present within or on the surface of the mold spore, which can
be inhaled, ingested, or touched and are nearly all cytotoxic, disrupting various
cellular structures such as
membranes, and interfering with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. Major
groups of mycotoxins are aflatoxins, alternariol, gliotoxin, ochratoxin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, patulin,
fumonisin, zearalenone and trichothecenes. They can affect vascular, digestive, respiratory, nervous,
cutaneous, reproductive and immune systems. One nanogram of mycotoxin is enough to cause an adverse
health effect in people. For example, aflatoxin is a potent human carcinogen, ochratoxins carcinogenic and
nephrotoxic, patulin can damage the immune system, fumonisins can affect to nervous system. This
information clearly shows their negative health effects in humans[1,2]. Therefore, there is need to be
aware of
the composition, spatial distribution of them to better control them. For this reason the
presented work discusses the issues of the negative impact of toxigenic fungi on anthropogenic
ecosystems. The aim of this work, was to determine and to explore the toxigenic species of fungi which
distributed in anthropogenic areas and which are important in our life.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, chiefly Baku city was selected as research object and about 30 soil and air samples were
taken from the city and were examined. Fungi were isolated by plating the soil and air samples on a Petri
dish containing the potato dextrose agar (PDA), SDA (Sabouraud dextrose agar), Czapeks agar (CZA). For
the soil samples ; Inoculation of the treated samples was carried out by Waksman soil dilution
method applying the following dilutions: 1/10; 1/100; 1/1000; 1/1000. For this, from each soil sample, 10 g
of soil was suspended in 90 mL of sterilized water in a 250 mL flask and was shaken for 30 min at 200 rpm.
Microscopic fungi isolated from soil were grown in thermostat at26 -27 °C. The plates were incubated for
2~4 days for the screening of species and then these species were transferred into a new pure
cultures and
incubated for 7-21 days, after which their genera were determined on the basis of macromarphology. The
identification was performed based on cultural-morphological properties via determination of physiological
and biochemical properties.
For the air samples, sedimentation method was used in this experiment. For this, an open petri dishes
with nutrient agar is placed on the surface of the soil in some areas of the city during a certain period of
time and at the same time to inhabit bacteria in the culture media was used cephalosporium solution.
Based on information found in mold characterisation literature, obtained species were studied their
potential toxicological health effects[5].
RESULTS
As a result of conducted work a total of 49 cultures of microscopic fungi were isolated and 24
species of toxigenic fungi isolated from those 49 cultures. Based on the results
analyses of cultured
micromycetes
identified
that,
microscopic fungi mainly confer to the classes
of
Zygomycetes,
Ascomycetes,
Deuteromycetes. Among them from the toxigenic fungi - Alternaria,
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