Vanadium pentoxide
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IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 86 232
occupationally exposed to vanadium Industrial process No. of subjects Vanadium in air mean
± SD or range of means in mg/m 3
Vanadium in urine mean
± SD (range) in
µg/L b
Reference Ferrovanadium production 16
NK c
152 (44–360) nmol/mmol creatinine Gylseth et al. (1979) Smelting, packing and filtering of vanadium pentoxide 8 0.19
± 0.24 73
± 50 nmol/mmol creatinine Kiviluoto et al. (1981)
Vanadium pentoxide processing 2 NK
13.9 Pyy et al. (1984) Boiler cleaning 4 2.3–18.6 (0.1–6.4) a
(2–10.5) White et al. (1987) Vanadium pentoxide staining 2
[< 0.04–0.13] (< 7–124) Kawai et al. (1989)
Boiler cleaning 21
NK 0.7 (0.1–2.1) Arbouine & Smith (1991) Vanadium alloy production 5 NK
3.6 (0.5–8.8) Arbouine & Smith (1991) Removal of ashes in oil-fired power station
11 NK
2.2–27.4 Pistelli et al. (1991) Boiler cleaning 10 (– RPE) d
10 (+ RPE) NK
92 (20–270) 38
± 26 Todaro et al. (1991) Boiler cleaning 30 0.04–88.7 (0.1–322) Smith et al. (1992) Maintenance in oil- fired boiler NK
0.28 57.1
± 15.4 µg/g creatinine Barisione et al. (1993)
Vanadium pentoxide production 58 Up to 5
28.3 (3–762) Kucera et al. (1994) Waste incineration workers 43
NK 0.66
± 0.53 (< 0.01–2) Wrbitzky et al. (1995)
pp227-292.qxp 31/05/2006 09:49 Page 232 serum in only one study (Fassett & Kingston, 1985); however, the high mean value obtained (2.6
± 0.3 mg/L) suggested the possibility of contamination (Sabbioni et al., 1996; Kucera & Sabbioni, 1998). ICP–MS cannot be used for the determination of low concentrations of vanadium because of spectral and non-spectral interferences, unless high-resolution ICP–MS is used (Moens et al., 1994; Moens & Dams, 1995). The problems of various interferences encountered with the above methods are mostly avoided by using NAA (Byrne, 1993). However, interfering radionuclides such as 24 Na or 38 Cl must be removed, preferably by post-irradiation radiochemical separation, so-called radiochemical NAA (RNAA). Also, because of the short half-life of the analytical radionuclide 52 V (T
1/2 , 3.75 min), sample decomposition by irradiation and vanadium separation must be completed within 6–12 min (Byrne & Kosta, 1978a; Sabbioni et al., 1996). This technique has been mastered by only a few research groups (Byrne & Kosta, 1978b; Cornelis et al., 1980, 1981; Byrne & Versieck, 1990; Heydorn, 1990; Byrne & Kucera, 1991a,b; Kucera et al., 1992, 1994). If dry ashing is carried out prior to irradiation, the separation time can be shortened by a few minutes and a lower detection limit can be achieved (Byrne & Kucera, 1991a,b). Various procedures of pre- irradiation separation have been employed to circumvent the necessity for speedy operations with radioactive samples; however, high values were obtained, indicating that contamination and problems with blank samples could not be excluded (Heydorn, 1990). The only exception to date is an analysis performed by NAA in a clean Class 100 laboratory (Greenberg et al., 1990), which yielded a vanadium concentration in serum similar to that determined by RNAA. (iv)
The values for blood and serum vanadium concentrations obtained by RNAA (Byrne & Kosta, 1978a; Cornelis et al., 1980, 1981; Byrne & Versieck, 1990; Heydorn, 1990; Byrne & Kucera, 1991a,b; Kucera et al., 1992, 1994), by NAA with pre-irradiation sepa- VANADIUM PENTOXIDE 233
Industrial process No. of
subjects Vanadium in air mean ± SD
or range of means in mg/m
3
Vanadium in urine mean ± SD (range) in µg/L
b
Reference Boilermakers 20
0.02 (0.002–0.032) 1.53 ± 0.53 mg/g creatinine Hauser et al. (1998) Updated from WHO (2001) a Time-weighted average (TWA) b Unless stated otherwise c NK, not known d RPE, respiratory protective equipment pp227-292.qxp 31/05/2006 09:49 Page 233 Yüklə 0,63 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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