Vilfredo Pareto's Sociology : a Framework for Political Psychology
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Vilfredo Pareto’s Sociology 208 Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. and Schuengel, C. (1996), ‘The Measurement of Dissociation in Normal and Clinical Populations: Meta-analytic Validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)’, Clinical Psychology Review 16, 365-382. Vidich, A. J. (2000), ‘The Department of Social Relations and “Systems Theory” at Harvard, 1948–50’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 13:4, 607–648. Walkey, F. H., Katz, Y. J. and Green, D. E. (1990), ‘The General Factor in the Conservatism Scale: a Multinational Multicultural Examination’, Personality and Individual Differences 11, 985–988. Waller, N. G. (1995), The Dissociative Experiences Scale: Twelfth Mental Measurements Yearbook (Lincoln: NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurement). Waters, M. (1996), Daniel Bell (London: Routledge). Watson, P. J., Sherbak, J. and Morris, R. J. (1998), ‘Irrational Beliefs, Individualism- Collectivism and Adjustment’, Personality and Individual Differences 24, 173– 179. Watson, P. J., Varnell, S. P. and Morris, R. J. (2000), ‘Self-Reported Narcissism and Perfectionism: An Ego-Psychological Perspective and the Continuum Hypothesis’, Imagination, Cognition and Personality 19:1, 59–69. Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation (New York: Oxford University Press). Weber, M. (1968), Economy and Society (ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich) (New York: Bedminster Press). Weber, M. (2002), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (translated by Stephen Kalberg) (Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing). Weinstein, E. and Martin, I. (1969), ‘Generality of Willingness to take Risks’, Psychological Reports 24, 499–501. Whyte, W. H. (1956), The Organization Man (New York: Simon and Schuster). Whimster, S (ed.) (2004), The Essential Weber (London: Routledge). Wilson, G. D. (1973), The Psychology of Conservatism (London: Academic Press). Wilson, G. D., Ausman, J. and Mathews, T. (1973), ‘Conservatism and Art Preferences’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25, 286–288. Wilson, G. D. and Lee, H. S. (1974), ‘Social Attitude Patterns in Korea’, Journal of Social Psychology 94:1, 27–30. Wilson, G. D. and Patterson, J. R. (1970), The Conservatism Scale (Windsor England: National Foundation for Educational Research). Winch, P. (1958), The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul). Wolak, J. and Marcus, G. E. (2006), Personality and Emotional Response: Strategical and Tactical Responses to Changing Political Circumstances (paper presented at the Hendricks Conference on Biology, Evolution and Political Behaviour, University of Nebraska, October 13–14 2006). Wolfinger, R. E. (1974), The Politics of Progress (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice- Hall). Wrong, D. H. (1977), Skeptical Sociology (New York: Heinemann). Young-Bruehl, E. (1998), The Anatomy of Prejudices (Harvard University Press). Bibliography 209 Young, R. M. (1971), ‘Mystifications in the Scientific Foundations of Sociology’, ‘Science or Society?: Bulletin of the Cambridge Society for Social Responsibility in Science’, 2. Zaks, M. S., and Walters, R. H. (1959), ‘First Steps in the Construction of a Scale for the Measurement of Aggression’, Journal of Psychology 47, 199–208. Zolo, D. (1989), Reflexive Epistemology: The Philosophical Legacy of Otto Neurath (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers). Zolo, D. (1992), Democracy and Complexity (Oxford: Polity Press). Zuckerman, A. S. (1979), The Politics of Faction: Christian Democratic Rule in Italy (New Haven and London. Yale University Press). Zuckerman, M. (1994), Behavioural Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). This page intentionally left blank Index achievement orientation 73–74 adaptive toolbox 57 Adler, Alfred 91, 93–94 Adorno, Theodor W. 20, 84, 94, 117, 120, 122, 125–126, 144 affect block 53, 103 affective intelligence 52–55, 71 affective thinking 103 affiliation under anxiety 50, 91–92 aggression scale 161–162 Altemeyer, Robert 94, 122–123 altruism 80, 89–90, 92, 95–97, 131, 156, 172, 189 anaclitic identification 85, 135 anomia/anomie 29, 71, 82, 126–127, 134, 153, 157 anomic disenchantment 82, 126, 157, 180 Leo Srole Anomia Scale 126–127, 153 anti-intraception 91, 94, 117, 120–122 anxiety 53, 62, 70–71, 86, 88, 110, 115, 117–119, 130–131, 138, 160–161, 165; see also affiliation under anxiety Aristotle 112 Aron, Raymond 4, 20, 31–32, 39, 42, 97 attitudes towards authority 87–88, 104, 126 authoritarianism 80, 90–91; see also conservatism authoritarian personality 12, 84, 91–92, 94–95, 107, 120, 122–123, 125–127 democratic character 17, 20, 25, 67–69, 115 RWA Scale 94–96 Beck, Ulrich 76 globalisation 48 individualisation 47–48, 73–74, 139 Big Five personality model 89. 108, 131, 131–164 blame 13, 26, 88, 123 Bourdieu, Pierre 43, 55–56, 71 Brown, Gordon 170 Burke, Edmund 84, 171 Cadbury, Sir Adrian 47 Christie, Richard 115, 123–134, 136, 154, 157 Churchill, Winston 146, 171 city life 3, 71, 81 civilizing force of hypocrisy 51, 66, 124 class 14, 47–48, 165, 181–182 class struggle 9 death of class theory 48 clientelismo 14–20, 25, 28, 81, 164 cognitive dissonance 50–51, 169, 187; see also civilizing force of hypocrisy cognitive indeterminacy 6, 51–59, 76–77, 170 combinations 27, 41, 99, 102 combinazioni 39, 101 compensatory striving 93–94 complexity 28–29, 105, 137 epistemological 66–69, 77 integrative/cognitive 91, 106–107, 156 social 2, 66–77 compulsivity 82, 85, 87–88, 93, 100–103, 109–111, 118–122, 138, 143–146 confidence trickster 21–25, 29 conservatism 30–31, 38, 47, 49, 59–61, 83, 90, 106; see also authoritarianism conservative humanism 141 conservative individualism 51, 99, 171, 186–189 Conservative Party 44, 51, 158, 181–183, 189 conservative personality/attitudes 12– 13, 80–81, 83–89, 100, 106–111, 115, 117–122 conservative realism 171 conservatism scale 154; see also Wilson, Glenn D. two conservatisms 183 consumerism 27–29, 33, 48, 142 Vilfredo Pareto’s Sociology 212 convergence effects 151, 172, 174, 177, 192 corruption 15–17, 81 creativity 99–108 crisis orientation 80, 92, 112, 118, 154, 156; see also threat cultural resonance 47, 50, 54, 169 dark triad 127, 131–136 democracy xx, 10, 15–16, 30, 41–42 Dawkins, Richard 49 deference 75, 138–139 disgust 57, 113, 121, 122, 138 dispositional hypothesis 12 dissociation 72, 105, 119, 139, 177–178 Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) 163–165 distrust 4, 18, 80, 84, 8–88, 101n, 131, 192 ; see also projective distrust and social capital divergence effects 152, 177 divine discontent 88, 99 Douglas, Mary 57, 113, 122 Downs, Anthony 46, 169 Durkheim, Emile xix, 1, 3, 35, 37, 71, 126 Durkin, James 124, 126 economic sociology 35 Elster, Jon 46, 51–52, 58, 60, 97, 124 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 141 encounter proneness/blindness 124, 128, 157, 180 Enlightenment xix–xx, 193 entitlement thinking 29, 33, 131, 141, 148 Erikson, Erik 72–73, 85, 101n, 139, 164, 178 existentialism 138 extelligence 67–68, 72 Eysenck, Hans Jurgen 81, 104–105, 113–115, 128–130, 135 fascism 12, 16, 35, 71, 121 flourishing 112 force and fraud 24, 94, 116–133, 154 formative security 112, 185 Freud, Sigmund 9, 12, 35, 52, 81, 85, 93, 109–110, 119–120, 132–133 Fromm, Erich 25, 30, 40, 111, 162n functionalism 3, 13, 31, 36 Gehlen, Arnold 66–70 Geis, Florence 134, 146 Gellner, Ernest 17, 20, 57 genetic similarity theory 89, 156 Gentile, Giovanni 121 Giddens, Anthony 76n, 158 Gigerenzer, Gerd 57 Gramsci, Antonio 24, 46, 121 grand electors 14, 20 groupthink 61n, 107, 124 Harrington, Alan 98, 141 Hare, Robert D. 131, 140 Harvard Circle 34–35 Hayek, Friedrich 171 hedonism 28–29, 48, 98, 109, 125, 134, 135, 142, 188 Henderson, Lawrence 32, 34–36 heuristic guidance 45, 49, 51–59, 59–63, 76–77, 144, 192 HEXACO personality model 131–132, 134 hierarchy enhancement and attenuation 95 humanism 112, 141; see also postmaterialism humanitarianism xx, 40, 53 Hutterites 137–138 hypomania 129–130, 153, 185 identification with aggressors 85, 92, 120, 182 identity 22, 23, 28, 50, 58, 72–75, 85, 135–136, 146, 169 diffusion 164 disorder 139, 164–165 monism 144–145 ideology xx, 9, 20, 40–41, 50, 55–56, 83–84, 86, 88, 95–96, 107, 143–149, 169–170, 174, 186 ideological scripts 50, 169 implicit personality theory 2 impulsivity 82, 89, 104, 105, 115, 138, 147, 181 impulsive non-conformity scale 153, 155, 161 inclusive fitness 89 individualism-collectivism 89–99 individualism-collectivism scale 159– 160 iron law of oligarchy 14 James, Oliver 74n, 89, 94, 126, 137, 138 Koestler, Arthur 102–103 Index 213 Kohut, Heinz 132–133 Kruglanski, Arie 61–63, 68, 106 Kuhn, Thomas Samuel 60, 62, 65 Lasch, Christopher 141–142 law of income distribution 2 lay epistemics 61–63, 68, 106 Leary, Timothy 141 Leites, Nathan 138, 146–148 Letwin, Shirley 144, 187, 188 liberalism 11, 55, 59–61, 71, 184 Liberal Democrats 167–172 liberal personality 12–13, 26, 30, 33, 35, 61–63, 80–85, 105, 113, 155 Little, Graham 117–118, 120, 188 locus of control 152, 157, 170–171 control freaks 170 internal versus external control of reinforcement scale 162, 166 long-termism 27, 108, 139–140 Loria, Achille 9 Luhmann, Niklas 60–77 McClosky, Herbert 84, 106 McDougall, William 3, 39 Maccoby, Michael 140, 148 MACH scale 123, 125, 127, 154, 157 Machiavelli, Niccolo 1, 6, 21–25, 31, 32, 80–81 Machiavellianism 20, 43–44, 82, 101, 115, 123–127, 134, 154, 192 Machiavellian intelligence 101 Mailer, Norman 140–141 Marcus, George 52–54, 71, 91, 92, 99, 153 Marris, Peter 54 Marx, Karl xix, 1, 9–10, 14, 32, 34, 112, 121, 146 Maslow, Abraham 112 material acquisitiveness 98, 137, 142 mechanisms 5, 25–26, 33 defence mechanisms 109, 148, 124, 133, 170 memetic theory 49–51 Michels, Robert 3, 10, 14, 193 modularity theory 102 moral education 142 Mosca, Gaetano 10, 14–15, 18, 25 multiple personality disorder 72, 119; see also schizophrenia multiple realities 70–73 multiple selves 164 multiplexity 68, 70, 72 Mussolini, Benito 12, 16 (and n), 121 narcissism 87, 119, 127, 131–133, 140–142, 148–149, 180–181; see also perfectionism primary and secondary narcissism 132 narcissistic fear of power 148, 154, 157, 181 narcissistic rage 87, 142, 147 need to belong 93, 98 negativism 82, 86–88, 99–102, 126, 130–131, 143–149, 157 negativistic ambivalence 87–88, 101, 130–131, 147, 157 neophobia 89–90, 92 Neurath, Otto 38, 65 neuroticism 130, 135 New Labour 146, 167 object constancy 87 obsessional prejudice 121–122, 145, 161 openness 107–108, 114 Openness Scale 153, 155 paranoia 117–122, 189 parental consistency 138 Pareto, Vilfredo economics 2, 27, 34–35 life 10–13, 15–16 political sociology 41–42, 45–46, 79–80, 164 psychology 1, 3–4, 31, 39–41, 43, 77, 81 sociology cyclical processes 5, 25–31, 32–33, 48, 83, 86 derivations 40–41, 55–56 elites and non-elites 9–10, 16–17, 20, 31, 80 error complex 31–32, 45, 53, 56–57, 83 individualised and crystallised social forms 30–31, 48, 80, 83 irrationality and non-logical conduct xx, 9, 31–32, 45, 52, 56–57, 66, 83–84 law of income distribution 2 lions and foxes 24, 25, 28, 37–39, 40, 42, 82–83, 105, 107, 114, 116, 143 Vilfredo Pareto’s Sociology 214 residues 33–34, 35–36, 37–41, 43, 56, 59, 81, 84, 89–90, 92–94, 97–99, 101–102, 107, 108, 116, 136, 186 rentiers and speculators 27, 38–39, 83–84, 108, 143 revolution 16 social equilibrium/system 3, 19, 31–37, 38–39, 40, 80 parsimoniousness 85, 111 Parsons, Talcott xix, 3, 31–37, 71 patronage 14, 17, 27, 29, 33 perfectionism 132–133 pessimism cultural 67–70, 74 historical xx, 5 psychological 127n, 157 Plato 25, 52 policy cycles 65 political aloofness 152, 154, 157–158, 166, 179–181 political aloofness scale 159 political socialisation 50–51 political tolerance 72, 95, 105, 107, 109 political tolerance scale 153, 155 Popper, Karl 63–67, 68, 76 postmaterialism 80, 111–112, 113n, 153–156, 191 Powers, Charles 5, 10, 29–39, 186 practical rationality 52, 63 present orientation 98, 146 Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) Scale 187– 188; see also Weber, Max projective distrust 88, 147–148 psychoanalysis 81–82, 86–87, 90–91, 92–95, 100, 111, 121–122, 146, 182 psychopathy 80, 82, 98, 127–142, 161, 178, 180–181 creative psychopath 128 primary psychopathy 82n, 128–131, 134–135, 147–148 psychopathic acting out 137, 138, 161 secondary psychopathy 82n, 130–131, 134–135, 147–148 psychoticism 102, 104–106, 114–115, 128–130, 135 reductionism 9, 32, 38, 43 Reich, Wilhelm 53, 86, 103, 111 Renaissance 21–23, 29 risk 45, 48, 53, 57–59, 59–62, 65, 73–74, 76, 108–116, 122 awareness 75–76 risk aversion 27, 43, 113–116, 116–118, risk-taking 113–116 ; see also sensation-seeking ruminative thinking 86, 144 Russell, Bertrand 111 scarcity hypothesis 112, 156 scepticism 26, 48, 83, 86, 99 schizophrenia 104–105, 118, 119, 128, 165; see also multiple personality disorder schizotypy 104 Schmitt, Carl 67 self-actualisation 58, 112, 185 self-esteem 108–111, 126, 133, 142, 145, 148 self-fashioning 22 seniority within Parliament 178–183 sensation-seeking 114–116 Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) 154 serotonin 94, 98, 126 short-termism 19, 27, 80, 108; see also present orientation Simmel, Georg xix, 3, 71, 124, 193 Smith, Robert 136–137 Social anxiety scale 160–161 social capital 75, 77, 138; see also distrust social dominance orientation 95–96, 98, 123, 125, 133, 161 social personality 43–51, 54, 58, 75–77, 169–170, 182, 191, 192–193 social phenomenology 70–71 social responsibility 160, 162 Stockholm syndrome 92; see also identification with aggressors Storr, Anthony 88, 100–101, 103–104, 129 strong leadership 92, 117–122, 188 suitable targets for externalisation (STE) 110 superego 52, 56n, 82–89, 93, 100–101, 109–110, 114, 116, 119–120, 134– 136, 138, 143–144, 146–147, 182 conscience 84, 85, 109, 110, 132, 144, 187 ego-ideal 9n, 85, 109–110, 135, 145 superstition 84, 86, 90, 94, 109 terrorism 96, 117 Index 215 sociology of xix, 1, 3, 9, 37, 49 protestant ethic 3, 29, 187–188; see also PWE Scale (zweck)rational action 51, 57, 146 Wilson, Glenn D. 84, 90, 109, 125, 154, 164–165 Women MPs 167, 191 workaholic MPs 129 world 3 theory 63–68 world as jungle outlook 96, 133 xenophobia 90 Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth 86, 119–122, 144 Zolo, Danilo 38, 66–76 Zuckerman, Alan 13–15, 17–19 Zuckerman, Marvin 114–115, 129, 154 Thatcherism 117, 144, 187–188 threat 50–54, 57, 59, 71, 80, 89, 90–92, 96, 113, 118–122 thrift 27, 108, 111, 188 tolerance 70, 72, 95, 105, 109, 153 tolerance of ambiguity 107, 110–111, 125 trasformismo 13–15, 20 trial-and-error learning 45, 58, 63–67, 74 Utley, Peter 189 vacillation 16, 87, 120 vigorous virtues 144, 187–188 Volkan, Vamik 110 war propaganda 138, 146 Weber, Max Document Outline
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