“WAR OF ANNIHILATION”
DEVASTATING TOLL ON CIVILIANS, RAQQA – SYRIA
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“Those who stayed died and those who tried to run away died. We couldn’t afford to pay the smugglers; we
were trapped,” Munira Hashish told Amnesty International. She and several of her children survived the air
strike and the mines and eventually managed to escape “by walking over the blood of those who were blown
up as they tried to flee ahead of us,” she said.
The smugglers – often IS members themselves – knew how to avoid the group’s snipers and mines. They
charged several hundreds of US dollars per person to guide civilians out of Raqqa. The price increased as
the military operation progressed and IS stepped up efforts to prevent civilians from leaving the city. Unable
to afford the smugglers’ fees, Munira and her family attempted to leave on their own, despite the danger.
She told Amnesty International:
We had tried to escape the city but couldn’t manage it. About five days after ‘Eid’ [30 June/1 July
2017] we tried to flee across the river but Daesh [Arabic acronym for IS] caught us. They beat the
men very badly and detained me and the other women in a house for a day before they let us go...
In mid-July, after her husband and brother-in-law were killed in a mortar strike, Munira and her family again
tried to flee. Unbeknown to them, the road they took was mined. Mohammed, 12, one of the children
injured in the explosion, told Amnesty International:
We walked softly, softly, trying not to make any noise so that if Daesh were lurking around they
would not hear us… when we got a point very close to the main road the street we were walking on
was blocked by a small earth mound; we had to walk on it to pass, and when we did, the explosion
happened.
Seven were killed and the rest were injured. Most of the dead and injured were women and children. The
survivors had no option but to return home. A few days later a Coalition air strike destroyed their home,
killing nine members of the family, mostly women and children.
A young man holding a child staring at the ruins of bombed buildings in Raqqa. © Amnesty International
The case of the Badran family perhaps best illustrates the ordeal civilians endured in Raqqa during the
military campaign. Thirty-nine family members and 10 neighbours were killed in four separate Coalition
strikes as they fled from place to place, desperately trying to avoid rapidly shifting front lines and being killed
and injured in the very places where they sought shelter. Rasha Badran, one of the survivors, told Amnesty
International:
“WAR OF ANNIHILATION”
DEVASTATING TOLL ON CIVILIANS, RAQQA – SYRIA
Amnesty International
7
We thought the forces who came to evict Daesh would know their business and would target Daesh
and leave the civilians alone. We were naïve. By the time we realised how dangerous it had become
everywhere, it was too late; we were trapped.
As the Badrans moved from neighbourhood to neighbourhood to escape the fighting, shelling and air
bombardments, they came under fire from both Coalition aircraft and IS snipers, who were trying to keep
civilians in areas under IS control to serve as human shields.
Moving undetected was virtually impossible for such a large group, among whom were relatives injured in an
earlier strike who had to be carried. On 18 July 2017, while attempting a desperate escape from a
neighbourhood under attack, nine men from the family were killed in two separate Coalition strikes. They
had just succeeded in moving the women and children to another location and were on their way to join
them.
A month later, remaining family members attempted to flee, only to be fired on by IS gunmen, who killed the
doctor who had been providing medical care to the injured family members. The group had no choice but to
turn back to the place they were escaping from. Two days later, on 20 August 2017, Coalition forces
simultaneously bombed the two neighbouring houses in which the family were staying. These air strikes
killed 30 Badran family members, mostly women and children. Among the dead was Rasha Badran’s one-
year-old daughter, Tulip. Rasha told Amnesty International:
… Almost everybody was killed. Only I, my husband and his brother and cousin survived. The
strike happened at about 7pm. I fainted and when I regained consciousness I heard my husband’s
cousin, Mohammed, calling out. I could neither move nor speak. Then my husband and his
brother found me. My husband was the most seriously injured [of the survivors] – he had a head
wound and blood was pouring from his ears. It was dark and we could not see anything. We called
out but nobody else answered; nobody moved. It was completely silent except for the planes
circling above. We hid in the rubble until the morning because the planes were circling overhead.
In the morning, we found Tulip’s body; our baby was dead. We buried her near there, by a tree.
The four surviving members of the Badran family kept moving from place to place, still trying to find a way to
get out of the city. A month later, the four were attempting another escape from an IS-controlled area when a
Coalition strike killed Rasha’s brother-in-law and cousin. It took Rasha and her husband another two weeks
and several other failed attempts before they were finally able to leave the city. They were the only two who
made it out alive.
In the early hours of 12 October 2017 a blitz of Coalition air strikes destroyed much of Harat al-Badu, the
last neighbourhood under IS control as the battle for Raqqa came to an end. Among the civilians killed in the
bombardments were Mohammed Fayad and 15 members of his family and neighbours. Coalition air strikes
destroyed his house and his brother-in-law’s house across a narrow street. Mohammed Fayad, a man in his
80s known as Abu Saif, had refused to leave the home where he had lived for 50 years when the Raqqa
military campaign began. His daughters and other relatives stayed with him. As Coalition air bombardments
shook the neighbourhood during the night of 11-12 October 2017, terrified neighbours sought shelter with
the Fayad family. Among them were Ali Habib and his family. He told Amnesty International:
I was sitting on a chair holding my little boy and the women were sitting on the floor, huddled
together… I felt the roof of the house collapse on me. I could not move and my little boy was not
next to me anymore… I called my wife, my mother, my daughter, but nobody answered… I
realised that everybody was dead. Then my boy, Mohammed, called out and that gave me the
strength to free myself from the rubble and go to him. He had been thrown some 10m away by the
explosion. We were both injured.
Later that day the SDF and the Coalition agreed a ceasefire with IS, under the terms of which IS fighters were
allowed safe passage out of the city. As part of the deal, a convoy of buses arranged by the SDF took IS
fighters and their families out of the city to areas east of Raqqa that were still under IS control.
To date, the Coalition has not explained why it continued to launch strikes which killed so many civilians
while a deal granting IS fighters impunity and safe passage out of the city was being considered and
negotiated. Many survivors of Coalition strikes interviewed by Amnesty International asked why Coalition
forces needed to destroy an entire city and kill so many civilians with bombardments supposedly targeting IS
fighters – only to then allow IS fighters to leave the city unharmed.
The “patterns of life” – or daily routines – adopted by civilians struggling to survive amidst a high-intensity
urban conflict were not particular to Raqqa and had had long been observed in other conflicts in other
countries. Civilians crowded into homes and shelters, seeking safety in numbers, moving from place to place
in search of shelter, emerging suddenly from buildings after prolonged hibernation, moving around front line