“WAR OF ANNIHILATION”
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areas to look for food/water. Civilians had to make fateful decisions on where to move for safety in an
information blackout; they were not informed about evolving patterns of fighting because – without
telephone, internet or other means of communication – they were in the dark about events unfolding around.
The Coalition needed to be mindful of each of these factors affecting civilian behaviour.
In all the cases detailed in this report, Coalition forces launched air strikes on buildings full of civilians using
wide-area effect munitions, which could be expected to destroy the buildings. In all four cases, the civilians
killed and injured in the attacks, including many women and children, had been staying in the buildings for
long periods prior to the strikes. Had Coalition forces conducted rigorous surveillance prior to the strikes,
they would have been aware of their presence. Amnesty International found no information indicating that IS
fighters were present in the buildings when they were hit and survivors and witnesses to these strikes were
not aware of IS fighters in the vicinity of the houses at the time of the strikes. Even had IS fighters been
present, it would not have justified the targeting of these civilian dwellings with munitions expected to cause
such extensive destruction.
Entire neighbourhoods in Raqqa are damaged beyond repair. © Amnesty International
The Coalition has so far refused to even acknowledge the scale of harm caused to civilians by the military
campaign. At the height of the Raqqa battle, in September 2017, outgoing Coalition commander, Lieutenant
General Stephen Townsend, wrote that “…there has never been a more precise air campaign in the history
of armed conflict”. However, this precise air campaign killed hundreds of civilians. At the same time, US
Marines’ activities described by Army Sergeant Major John Wayne Troxell (senior enlisted adviser to the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), suggests that the Coalition operation was far from precise: “In five
months they fired 35,000 artillery rounds on ISIS targets… They fired more rounds in five months in Raqqa,
Syria, than any other Marine artillery battalion, or any Marine or Army battalion, since the Vietnam War.”
Given that standard artillery shells fired from an M777 howitzer have an average margin of error of over
100m, launching so many of these shells into a city where civilians were trapped in every neighbourhood
posed an unacceptable risk to civilians. Yet despite incontrovertible evidence of civilian casualties and
wholesale destruction in Raqqa, and the high level of civilian casualties, the Coalition narrative remains
unchanged.
The international Coalition to defeat IS in Iraq and Syria was formed in 2014. Named “Operation Inherent
Resolve”, it sought to present itself as an international Coalition with broad-based support from nations and
institutions around the world. But the military action it took in Raqqa against IS was an overwhelmingly US
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military affair. Under the command of a US General, US forces fired 100% of the artillery into Raqqa and
carried out over 90% of the air strikes. British and French forces were the only other Coalition members to
strike Raqqa from the air. The SDF provided the ground troops needed to push into the city on foot and were
partly responsible for locating targets for Coalition air and artillery strikes. The percentage of the Coalition air
and artillery strikes that were carried out based on SDF co-ordinates is unclear, as is the extent to which
Coalition forces verified targets identified by the SDF.
Eight months after military operation ended, most of the city’s residents remain displaced and those who
have returned are living in dire conditions among the mountains of rubble and the stench of dead bodies
trapped beneath, facing the threat of mines/improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and unexploded ordnance.
Virtually every resident of Raqqa who spoke to Amnesty International asked why those who could spend so
much for a costly military campaign to destroy the city cannot provide the relief so desperately needed in its
aftermath, including the heavy-lifting equipment needed to clear the rubble and recover the bodies and clear
the IEDs.
Amnesty International calls on the Coalition and its member states to acknowledge publicly the scale and
gravity of the loss of civilian lives and destruction of property and livelihoods which resulted from its strikes in
Raqqa. The Coalition should also make public the information necessary to investigate responsibility for
civilian losses during the military operation, including dates, times, and exact location of strikes, which forces
carried them out, as well as weapons used and intended targets. Amnesty International also calls on the
Coalition to disclose the measures it took to verify targets were in fact military objectives, whether civilians
were present in the vicinity, and the precautions taken to minimise harm. The Coalition should also conduct
an urgent review of the procedures via which it assesses allegations of civilian casualties, particularly the
reasons so many cases are deemed “non-credible” and therefore do not warrant further investigation.
Furthermore, the Coalition should urgently establish an independent, impartial mechanism to effectively and
promptly investigate credible reports of violations of international humanitarian law, make the findings public
and put in place the necessary mechanisms to provide prompt and full reparation to victims and families of
victims of violations and to allocate adequate budgetary resources. Amnesty International also calls on the
Coalition to establish a mechanism ensuring that lessons are learned and that strikes in ongoing Coalition
military operations in Syria are carried out in full compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law,
as well as provide resources for clearing mines and unexploded ordnance, and ensure displaced civilians
have access to humanitarian assistance. Where there is admissible evidence that individual members of
Coalition forces are responsible for war crimes, ensure they are prosecuted in a fair trial without recourse to
the death penalty.