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back to Raqqa immediately after the battle but the SDF did not allow residents back then because
they said there were mines planted by Daesh. But now, after everything has been looted, residents
are allowed to come back even though there are still mines everywhere and people get blown up
every other day by these mines.
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A shop selling household goods in the midst of destroyed buildings in Raqqa. Many business people, complain that their shops and
warehouses were looted after they left the city. © Amnesty International
Looting of whatever had not been destroyed by the bombardments and the fighting seems to have been
routine in the areas recaptured from IS throughout Raqqa and beyond. Most Raqqa residents Amnesty
International interviewed reported that their properties – homes as well as businesses – were looted. They
blamed SDF members both for looting and for allowing others to loot.
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In the words of Abu Rami, a resident
of one of the city’s central neighbourhoods:
It was well known that Daesh were thieves but we did not expect those who came to liberate us
from Daesh to steal as well. Daesh took the property of those who left the city and charged
residents all sort of taxes but at the end they gave up as they were focused on saving themselves,
or fighting to their death. The SDF came in and for weeks they did not allow us to return. When we
did come back, we found that everything had been stolen. The SDF looted and allowed others to
loot. They should take responsibility for this. We see our stuff being sold in markets here and there.
It is wrong. They should take responsibility for this and do something about it.
Residents of several areas of Raqqa told Amnesty International that they have set up informal neighbourhood
watch committees, with groups of residents taking turns to watch over homes and businesses to prevent
further looting. Residents also complained that daytime SDF checkpoints at major intersections around the
city are easily circumvented by thieves, who operate freely at night when the streets are almost deserted and
the security presence melts away.
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Interview with Hassan, Raqqa, 15 February 2018.
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Reports of looting by SDF soldiers began to emerge soon after Raqqa was recaptured. See, for example,
https://twitter.com/24Raqqa/status/928228752768798720 At the beginning of the Raqqa military campaign, the UN High Commissioner
for Human Rights expressed concern about human rights abuses, including looting, by SDF members in areas they recaptured from IS.
See, for example, “Civilians must not be sacrificed for military victories – UN rights chief, as thousands trapped in Raqqa”, UN News, 28
June 2017, available at https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/06/560502-civilians-must-not-be-sacrificed-military-victories-un-rights-chief-
thousands
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8.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The evidence Amnesty International gathered in Raqqa in February 2018 and included in this report
establishes that Coalition air strikes killed and injured civilians in Raqqa. It also provides evidence that other
types of attacks, including Coalition artillery fire, and mortar fire from both the SDF and IS, also killed and
injured civilians – although mortar fire casualties are more difficult to attribute to one party to conflict or
another. Amnesty International also documented civilian casualties from IS laid mines/IEDs that continue to
kill and maim civilians in Raqqa), as well as IS snipers who fired deliberately upon civilians who were
attempting to escape.
International humanitarian law (IHL), or the laws of war, sets out legal rules that bind all parties to armed
conflict, whether state armed forces or non-state armed groups. These rules, the most relevant of which to
these cases are explained below, aim to minimise human suffering in war, and offer particular protection to
civilians and those who are not directly participating in hostilities. In situations of armed conflict, not all
civilian casualties will be unlawful. However, deaths and injuries of civilians are an indication that something
has gone wrong. This could be the result of a violation of the rules, even of criminal wrongdoing; or it could
be the result of an accident, mistake or malfunction of a weapons system, or the incidental result of a lawful
attack. Investigation is necessary to make these determinations, ensure accountability in the case of
violations and take measures to avoid unnecessary harm to civilians.
The cases presented in this report, based on the findings and analysis of Amnesty International, raise a very
strong possibility that civilians were killed and injured (and civilian objects were destroyed or damaged) in
violation of international humanitarian law. Amnesty International has written to the Coalition seeking
additional information about these cases and about other attacks and raising questions about Coalition
tactics, specific means and methods of attack, choice of targets, and precautions taken in planning and
execution of attacks. Such information is necessary for a full assessment of the Coalition’s assertions about
its compliance with international humanitarian law. Transparency on the Coalition’s part is a sine qua non of
ensuring accountability and securing justice and reparation for civilians harmed as a result of violations. In
addition to being a legal obligation, investigation of reported violations is also imperative for militaries to learn
how to improve respect for IHL, a matter of life and death for civilians caught up in urban fighting.
APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
The Coalition and IS are party to the armed conflict in Syria. There is some disagreement as to what type of
armed conflict: international or non-international. The Coalition is carrying out attacks in Syria without the
consent of the government of Syria. In that sense, this is an international armed conflict. However, the
fighting between the Coalition and IS, a non-state armed group, is a non-international armed conflict.
The USA is a party to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949. The UK and France are also party to these
Conventions as well as to their three Additional Protocols. In any event, most of the rules on the conduct of
hostilities of IHL, including all those cited in this report, apply in both international and non-international
armed conflict and are binding on all parties, state and non-state forces.
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For an authoritative list of these rules see International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Customary International Humanitarian Law:
Volume 1: Rules, J-M Henckaerts and L Doswald-Beck, eds, 2005 (hereinafter: ICRC, Customary IHL Study).