World meteorological organization
CHINA Chinese Activities in Antarctica Meteorological
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CHINAChinese Activities in Antarctica MeteorologicalMonitoring 2002/2003The Chinese meteorological work in Antarctica is carried out by Chinese Antarctic Administration (CAA) and China meteorological Administration (CMA). Operated by CAA and the responsible meteorological authority is the CMA. It operates two permanent stations and one polar vessel, and report meteorological observation in Antarctica. Zhongshan(89573): Synoptic observations are made 4 time a day and real time data send to GTS via Davis. Other observation program include, total ozone and UVB (BERUWER), and surface ozone (ozone analyzer). The station has a weather satellite receiver and radio fax receiver for receiving weather chart from Australia weather forecast center. Greatwall(89058): Synoptic observations are made 4 time a day and real time data send to GTS via Fire. The station has a weather satellite receiver and radio fax receiver for receiving weather chart from Chile Antarctic weather forecast center. Shipboard (Xuelong): Synoptic observations are made 3 time a day and real time data send to China marine weather forecast center by radio. The sea-ice concentration and icebergs are measured. AWS(89576): The AWS was installed 2001/2002 by cooperation program between CHINARE and ANARE. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS) holds all surface meteorological date since two station set up. Contact: Bian Lingen Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing, 100081 Phone:86-10-62176570 Fax: 86-10-62175931 E-mail: blg@cams.cma.gov.cn
It also collects data from one AWS (D 10) located along the track between DDU and Concordia (Dome C), or around such as Cap Dennison and Port Martin. In addition, an HRPT operated by the French polar institute in used to acquire images from TIROS satellites. DDU also produces on request some METAR bulletins in support to the flights to Dome C via the D10 point. Some information are also provided to support the supply SHIP “l’Astrolabe”, or the continental raids towards the Dome C. Some research activities have also been performed during these years:
GERMANY German Activities in Antarctica All German Antarctic activities are co-ordinated and operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). It operates one permanent and one summer only station. It has one research ship that reports meteorological observations. AWI also operates two aircrafts which are used for logistic and scientific missions. Neumayer (89002) 8 synoptic observations are made daily including 6 complete eye-observations. One radiosonde flight per day is launched at 12 UTC. Other oberservations include balloon-borne ozone soundings, radiation measurements (BSRN), air chemistry and ground-based photometer observation also contributing two GAW and NDSC network. The standard reports are distributed by DCP via Darmstadt in the GTS. These data are available for other national expeditions on request. Standard weather forecasts are not provided. Special activities are made in summer saison 2002/2003 to support aircraft operations by weather and flight weather forecasts in the Dronning Maud Land region. There are used
The data flow to Neumayer is carried out by email and ftp-connection. Additionally the forecaster can get these information directly via IRIDIUM while working at other stations in the Dronning Maud Land area. These forecasts are part of the international logistic project “Dronning Maud Land Air Network” (DROMLAN) on which participate Finland, Germany, India, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, UK. RV Polarstern (DBLK) Polarstern is the German polar research vessel which operates in the Antarctic and Arctic about 320 days a year. Synoptic observations are made hourly by AWS completed with 6 eye-observations. There is one regular radiosonde flight per day at 12 UTC and, if necessary, more soundings for flight weather forecasts. Additionally ozone soundings are performed according to the scientific projects. All data are distributed by DCP via Darmstadt to the GTS. On board Polarstern a platform for weather forecasts is established with staff of the German Weather Service (DWD). Forecasts are operated for helicopters, reconnaissance flights as well as for other national expeditions on request. RUSSIAN FEDERATION Information on the state of the Russian meteorological and upper-air observations and climate studies in the Antarctic Yu. Tsaturov (Roshydromet) During the period 1998-2002, the system for data acquisition and processing over a network of Russian Antarctic stations has undergone significant changes. Due to the decision of the Russian Federation Government about transferring the activity of the Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) to the regime of the minimal permissible parameters, Molodezhnaya station that was the Antarctic collecting center for upper air and meteorological information was temporarily decommissioned and transferred to the rank of seasonal bases on July 1, 1999. Under the conditions of decreased station personnel, the system for acquisition, processing and transmission of operational upper-air and meteorological information over a network of Russian stations was changed in principle and upgraded. This system is comprised at present of the following components: 1 At the Russian Antarctic stations where meteorological observations are conducted (Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Bellingshausen and Vostok), automatic meteorological stations MILOS-500 (“Vaisala”, Finland) were introduced into permanent operation as a source of meteorological information. This has ensured the adequacy of the data acquisition methodology at the Russian stations with foreign stations and provided a possibility for automated processing of the observation results. Due to a personnel decrease, at each of the Russian stations there is one meteorologist and all Russian stations have passed from the program of standard 8-time meteorological observations to 4-time observations. All four Russian stations being part of the Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network (ABSN) are included to the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS). Moreover, the research and support icebreaker "Akademik Fedorov" operates annually in the Antarctic waters and makes 8-time meteorological observations. 2 Due to the decreased RAE personnel, the upper air observations at Bellingshausen station were stopped from January 1999 while at Novolazarevskaya and Mirny stations the soundings are conducted once in a day. For obtaining operational upper air information, modern active radars are used at present at Mirny and Novolazarevskaya stations. 3 All data collected during the meteorological and upper air observations are computer-processed using common software including preparation of the SYNOP, TEMP, CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP messages. 4 The system for acquisition of the upper air and meteorological information for the Russian Antarctic stations has at present one major data collection center at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI, St.Petersburg). A backup center for information collection is at present Novolazarevskaya station that can collect information from the other stations using SW radio-communication channels and further transmit it to the AARI. Any Russian station can be used as a backup data collection center since all stations have the same set of radio communication means. In spite of using only satellite communication channels, all stations have a standby frequency at the SW range for Russian stations as a backup. 5 All Russian stations are equipped with the INMARSAT-C satellite communication terminals (telex mode) and transmit operational information to the AARI data collection center. The AARI data collection center has the main and a spare terminal of INMARSAT-C and a reserve Internet-INMARSAT communication channel. If necessary, the information can be also transmitted in the data exchange mode via the INMARSAT-B terminals to a special terminal set up at the AARI. 6 The information received at the AARI via a satellite INMARSAT-C telex channel from the Antarctic stations is converted by a special computer software package for introduction to the Global Telecommunication System (GTS). It can be stated in general that in spite of all economic problems, Russia has at the present time one of the most advanced systems for acquisition and transmission of upper air and meteorological data equipped with an optimal set of technical facilities in respect of capacity, cost and efficiency. This is also confirmed by the results of monitoring the operational Antarctic network data that was undertaken during the period February 1 to 15, 2000. During the special monitoring period of transmitting meteorological messages, the Russian Antarctic stations (Bellingshausen, Mirny, Vostok and Novolazarevskaya) have prepared and sent to the GTS on a timely basis 100% of synoptic messages (in the SYNOP code) using INMARSAT. All messages were received at the regional data collection centers in St. Petersburg and Offenbach (Germany). At the other centers, 96% of the messages were received, on average, due to distortions of the communication lines. The delay of 3-12 hours in receiving the SYNOP messages at the regional data collection centers after the measurements was not usually greater than 1-3%. This is one of the highest indicators among all countries-operators in the Antarctic. During the special monitoring period, 100% messages in the CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP codes were sent and received. In accordance with the recommendations of the previous WG session, a great deal of attention in Russia is paid to the quality control of data from the Antarctic stations. During the period under consideration, the following was undertaken:
The verified data on surface Antarctic meteorology are contained in the issues of the operational quarterly Bulletin on Antarctic monitoring, which can be found at the AARI Internet site in Russian and in English. The quality control of historical data and generation of one uniform data archive is necessary for a quantitative study of the mechanisms forming the climatic variability in the Antarctic and presents a contribution of Russia to the SCAR PACA READER Project. For the last few years, the following main results of the basic studies of Russia in the Antarctic were obtained:
UNITED KINGDOM United Kingdom Activities The United Kingdom meteorological work in Antarctica is mostly carried out by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). It operates two permanent and one summer only station that report meteorological observations in the Antarctic. It has two stations on sub-Antarctic islands. It operates two research ships that report meteorological observations. It also operates five aircraft, which occasionally make meteorological observations. Halley (89022): Synoptic observations are made 8 times a day (an AWS records hourly SYNOPs). There is one radiosonde flight per day at 12 UT. Other observation programmes include: total ozone, atmospheric trace gasses and chemistry, radioactive nuclide sampling in precipitation, atmospheric turbidity, atmospheric carbon, sea-ice extent and boundary layer meteorology. The station has an HRPT weather satellite receiver. A laser cloud base recorder will be installed in early 2003. Signy (89042): There is no current meteorological observation programme. Other observation programmes include: sea-level measurement. Rothera (89062): Synoptic observations are made 8 times per day (an AWS records hourly SYNOPs). Observations are made for aircraft as required. A number of American AWS are serviced from the station. Occasional (up to 10 a month) radiosonde flights are flown at 12 UT. CODAR observations are reported from aircraft as required. During June to October of 2003 there will be an intensive programme of ozone and radiosonde flights. Other observation programmes include: sea-level measurement, total ozone, atmospheric turbidity, radioactive nuclide sampling in precipitation, sea-ice extent and measurement of polar mesospheric clouds. The station has an HRPT weather satellite receiver. A laser cloud base recorder will be installed in early 2003. During the summer flying season a forecaster works at the station. Fossil Bluff (89065): Synoptic observations are made three times per day in summer. An AWS records hourly observations throughout the year, but does not transmit in real time. Bird Island (88900): Three-hourly synoptic observations from an AWS are transmitted by DCP. Grytviken (88903): Three-hourly synoptic observations are made by an AWS, equipped with a DCP. RRS James Clark Ross (ZDLP): Synoptic observations are made four times per day using TurboWin. The ship is on the VOSClim list. XBT launches are made as required. The ship has an HRPT weather satellite receiver. Drifting buoys are deployed from the ship as required. RRS Ernest Shackleton (ZDLS1): Synoptic observations are made four times per day using TurboWin. The ship is on the VOSClim list. XBT launches are made as required, particularly in the Weddell Sea. The ship has an HRPT weather satellite receiver. The ship carries a travelling standard barometer to provide a reference for other ships and stations. HMS Endurance (GXRH): The British navy hydrographic ship makes synoptic observations, which are sometimes available on the GTS when she is in Antarctic waters. UK: BAS holds an archive of meteorological data from the British stations; some older meteorological data is held in the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) archives in Bracknell. The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) holds some manuscript data from early expeditions. BAS has a computer database of surface and upper-air data from all British stations from at least the IGY to the present. Some data from other stations, received over the GTS since the late 1980s and also directly from other operators, is also held in the database. Some of this information is publicly available at the BAS website at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/data.html. BAS is currently compiling a climatological database of all long running Antarctic stations (project READER), which will be publicly available once verification is complete. The UKMO produces model output fields for Antarctica and provides meteorological support to BAS. Contact: Jonathan Shanklin, British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET United Kingdom Phone: +44 1223 221400 Fax: +44 1223 221279 Email: j.shanklin@bas.ac.uk List of operational meteorological stations in the Antarctic and their status in the ABSN, ABCN and GCOS networks Yüklə 2,53 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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