World meteorological organization

Annex to Recommendation 5 (EC/WGAM-VIII)

Amendments to the Manual on the GTS - Volume II - The Antarctic

ANTARCTIC DATA TELECOMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS

1. 
   GENERAL
   
   1. 
      The telecommunication network within the Antarctic and the interconnecting links between the Antarctic and the GTS should ensure the rapid and reliable collection, exchange and further distribution of Antarctic meteorological data to satisfy the needs of Members of WMO.
      
   2. 
      Meteorological services at many Antarctic stations are run by National Antarctic Programmes and not by the Meteorological Authority of the operating country.
      
2. 
   DATA TO BE TRANSMITTED
   

The data transmitted from the Antarctic should be composed of:

1. 
   Surface synoptic reports for main and intermediate standard hours (0000, 0300, 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800 and 2100 UTC), radiosonde data for 0000 and 1200 UTC (and if available for other hours) from all stations in the Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network (ABSN) and also reports from additional stations as available;
   
2. 
   All reports from ships, aircraft and buoys;
   
3. 
   CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports;
   
4. 
   Priority reports, such as warnings of dangerous weather phenomena;
   
5. 
   Other types of information as agreed.
   

3. 
   COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF DATA
   
   1. 
      The responsibility of collecting centres for the collection of observational data from Antarctic stations is as follows:
      

Collecting Centre	Station index numbers
Davis	89571, 89573
Frei	89054, 89056, 89057, 89058, 89059, 89251
Hobart	89564, 89611
Marambio	88963, 88968, 89034, 89053, 89055, 89066
McMurdo	89009, 89662, 89664
St Petersburg (Note 1)	89050, 89512, 89574, 89592, 89606
New Delhi	89514
Darmstadt (EUMETSAT)	89002, 89022, 89064, 89532
Pretoria	89004
Rothera	89061, 89062, 89063, 89065
Toulouse	89642
Toulouse (ARGOS)	89014, 89568, 89610, 89612, 89614, 89618, 89757, 89758, 89762, 89767, 89774, 89803, 89812, 89813, 89816
Landover (ARGOS)	89108, 89208, 89257, 89261, 89262, 89264, 89266, 89272, 89314, 89324, 89327, 89332, 89345, 89376, 89377, 89667, 89744, 89799, 89828 89834, 89864, 89866, 89868, 89869, 89873, 89879
Note: Novalazarevskaya is a back-up collecting centre

Note (to be removed from published version): The table has been amended to reflect the current practice for 89064 (EUMS). By comparison with 89009 (NZSP) and 89664 (NZCM) it is assumed that McMurdo collects Terra Nova Bay 89662 (NZTB).

1. 
   The principal routes by which Antarctic meteorological data enter the GTS are given in Figure 1.
   
2. 
   The Antarctic Meteorological Centres at Casey, Frei and Marambio operate HF broadcasts including forecasts and other products. Details of the transmission programmes are included in the WMO Publication No. 9 – Volume C2.
   
1. 
   SPECIFIC ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE EXCHANGE OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA
   
   1. 
      As regards ship's reports, Antarctic collecting stations should make every effort to collect reports from ships which do not otherwise transmit to GTS centres outside Antarctica.
      
   2. 
      Data from buoys and AWS in the Antarctic are normally collected by ARGOS and disseminated by reception centres located in Toulouse (France) and Landover (USA).
      
2. 
   MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE GTS
   

In addition to participating in the annual specific monitoring on the exchange of Antarctic data, Members may carry out their own monitoring. When shortcomings are identified, the results of such a survey should be communicated to the relevant GTS centres, including the Antarctic collecting stations, and to the WMO Secretariat, to take appropriate action.

DRAFT TEXT FOR SIXTH WMO LONG-TERM PLAN (2004-2012)

Programme 1.10 WMO Antarctic Activities

Purpose and scope

6.1.45 The purpose of the WMO Antarctic Activities (WMOAA) programme is to coordinate meteorological activities in Antarctica carried out by nations and groups of nations. It provides an interface between these activities and relevant WMO programmes, in particular WWW within the framework of the Antarctic Treaty and aims at meeting the requirements for meteorological services as well as for environmental monitoring and climate research.

Implementation activities 2004 - 2007

6.1.47 Implementation components of the programme include:

Milestones

1. 
   Maintenance of Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network (ABSN) composed of manned and automatic stations and improvement of observing networks over the Antarctic through additional observations from aircraft, ships and drifting buoys;
   
2. 
   Provision of regular and timely data exchange in real time scale and support to non real time data exchange for climatological purposes;
   
3. 
   Development of the marine observing network in the Antarctic.
   

Activities to be carried by Members

1. 
   Planning and implementation of observing networks, including appropriate ozone and UV radiation measurements over the Antarctic;
   
2. 
   Upgrading telecommunication facilities and services including satellite technologies;
   
3. 
   Improvement of meteorological services in the Antarctic.
   

Activities to be carried out by constituent bodies and/or other bodies

1. 
   Development of guidelines on the improvement of observing and telecommunication networks in the Antarctic;
   
2. 
   Development of specialized practices and other reference material for the weather forecasting in the Antarctic;
   
3. 
   Support and coordinate studies of ozone depletion over the Antarctic.
   

Activities to be co-ordinated by the Secretariat

(a) Ensure the management of WMOAA programme under the guidance of the EC, other constituent bodies and CBS, including:

• 
  Evaluation of the ABSN performance based on WWW monitoring results;
  
• 
  Support to the work of EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology;
  
• 
  Support to the activities on the development of the observational and telecommunication networks in the Antarctic as an advanced, cost-effective and operationally reliable systems;
  

Outlook 2008 - 2011

1. 
   Extension of the automated observing network in the Antarctic.
   
2. 
   Implementation of a reliable marine component of the observing network in the Antarctic through deployment of drifting buoys.
   
3. 
   Development of the advanced data collection and dissemination system using environmental satellites.
   

Programme 1.10 WMO Antarctic Activities Expected results

1. 
   Improved operation of the basic systems of the WWW in the Antarctic.
   
2. 
   Improved quality, accuracy and timeliness of observational data and products to meet requirements for meteorological services and research activities in the Antarctic.
   

Key Performance Indicators for the expected results

1. 
   Percentage of reliable surface and upper-air stations implementing full observational programmes in the Antarctic;
   
2. 
   Level of modernization of GTS circuits in the Antarctic on the basis of advanced telecommunication techniques and in particular, satellite-based telecommunication services.
   

RECOMMENDATION 6 (EC/WGAM-VIII)

Maintenance of manned meteorological and climatological stations in the Antarctic

THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WORKING GROUP ON ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY,

NOTING:

1. 
   The importance of manned stations in order to maintain a continual record of meteorological and climatological data from Antarctica,
   
2. 
   The progress also made to develop and to run GSN and GUAN stations at coastal and continental areas during recent years,
   
3. 
   The need for meteorological data as an input for global numerical models (such as ECMWF and others) in order to keep the quality of those models that force regional high resolution forecast models in Antarctica,
   

CONSIDERING:

1. 
   The growing need of high quality (high resolution) weather forecast products to support increasing logistic activities such as intercontinental and intra-continental aircraft operations (among them NSF, ANAP, DROMCAN) as well as long distance continental field expeditions,
   
2. 
   The quality of forecast products for selected Antarctic regions also significantly depends on the data quality and number of GSN and GUAN stations currently operated in the Antarctic region,
   

INVITES :

Operators, particularly those currently running permanently occupied stations

1. 
   To continue their efforts to keep manned stations running in the long-term, and by so doing to keep the quality of global and regional forecast models at the necessary level for demanding operations in Antarctica.
   

REQUESTS :

The Secretariat to bring this Recommendation to the attention of the Antarctic Treaty Members.

RECOMMENDATION 7 (EC/WGAM-VIII)

Maintenance of and support to the WCRP International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB)

THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WORKING GROUP ON ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY,

NOTING:

1. 
   Resolution 11(EC-XLVI) – Organization of an International Programme for Antarctic Buoys,
   
2. 
   The report of the eight session of the EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology (Geneva, Switzerland, 25-27 November 2002),
   
3. 
   The report of the third session of the WCRP ACSYS/CliC Scientific Steering Group (Beijing, China, 21-25 October 2002),
   

CONSIDERING:

1. 
   The importance of IPAB observations in the Antarctic sea-ice zone for the WMO World Weather Watch, the World Climate Research Programme, the Global Climate Observing System, the Global Ocean Observing System, the programme activities of the Joint WMO and IOC of UNESCO Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, and as well for the research activities of the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research,
   

RECOGNISING:

1. 
   The positive impact of existing IPAB observations on operational weather prediction,
   
2. 
   That the desired density of the buoy array in the Antarctic sea-ice zone with a spacing of 500 km has never been achieved despite the efforts of the Programme participants,
   

2. 
   That systematic differences in the mean sea level atmospheric pressure between analyses of numerical weather forecast centres tend to have their maximum in the Southern Ocean,
   
3. 
   That the incorrect compensation for atmospheric column mass fluctuations due to shortage or lack of atmospheric pressure and temperature observations will lead to detrimental consequences for satellite gravity measurements at high latitudes particularly in locations where atmospheric sea-level pressure variations are poorly characterised, with subsequent implications for many meteorological and oceanographic uses,
   
4. 
   The limited lifetime of drifting buoys in the Antarctic sea-ice zone,
   

RECOMMENDS:

That Members, in particular those which have active meteorological and oceanographic programmes in the Antarctic and that use satellite gravity and altimetry data in their operational and research activities, be urged:

1. 
   To actively participate in the WCRP IPAB programme by provision and/or deployment of sea-ice buoys capable of measuring sea level atmospheric pressure, air temperature and sea ice drift, or to support the Programme through other appropriate means;
   
2. 
   To spare no efforts in the maintenance of the drifting buoy network in the Antarctic sea ice zone particularly through using internationally coordinated deployment opportunities with the goal that the buoys are more frequently deployed in areas of minimal data coverage;
   
3. 
   To undertake necessary actions to ensure that observations from buoys deployed in the area of IPAB interest are reported through the WMO GTS.
   

Note: this recommendation will replace Resolution 11 (EC-XLVI), which will no longer be in force.

MEMBERS OF EC WG ON ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY

Mr Hugh A.HUTCHINSON (Chairman) Tel: [phone]

Chairman Fax: [phone]
Bureau of Meteorology Email: [e-mail]
111 Macquarie St.
G.P.O. Box 727
HOBART TAS 7001
Australia

Dr Jorge CARRASCO Tel: [phone]

Direccion Meteorologica de Chile Fax: [phone]
Casilla 717 Email: [e-mail]
SANTIAGO
Chile

Mr Gerrie J.R. COETZEE Tel: [phone]

Manager, Global Atmospheric Watch Fax: [phone]
South African Weather Bureau Email: [e-mail]
Room 5070, Forum Building
Private Bag X097
159 Struben Street
PRETORIA 0001
South Africa

Mr Juhani DAMSKI Tel: [phone]

Finnish Meteorological Institute Fax: [phone] / 179 581
(Vuorikatu 24) Email: [e-mail]
P.O. Box 503
00101 HELSINKI
Finland

Cor.Fap M. GARCIA BLASQUEZ GARCIA Tel: [phone]

Secretario General del SENAMHI Fax: [phone]
Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia Email:
Avenida Republica de Chile 295
Apartado 13308
4862 LIMA
Peru

Mr François GERARD Tel: [phone]

Directeur Délégué pour l'Outre Mer Fax: [phone]
Météo France Email: [e-mail]
1 quai Branly
75340 PARIS Cedex 07
France

Dr T. HIRAKI Tel: [phone]

Japan Meteorological Agency Fax: [phone]
1-3-4 Ote-machi, Chiyoda-ku Email:
TOKYO
Japan

Mr H. KELDER Tel: [phone]

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Fax: [phone]
Wilhelminalaan 10 Email:
Postbus 201
3730 AE DE BILT
Netherlands

Dr R.R. KELKAR Tel: [phone] 1792

India Meteorological Department Fax: [phone] 3220
Mausam Bhavan, Email: [e-mail]
Lodi Road
NEW DELHI 110003
India

Dr B. LETTAU Tel: [phone]

National Science Foundation, Office of Fax: [phone]
Polar Programmes Email: [e-mail]
Antarctic Oceans and Climate Systems Programme
4201 Wilson Blvd., Room 775
ARLINGTON, VA 22230
USA

Mr H. LOBATO Tel: [phone] 516

Direccion Nacional de Meteorologia Fax: [phone]
Casilla de Correo 64 E-mail
MONTEVIDEO
Uruguay

Mr Bian Lingen, Chief Tel: [phone]

Antarctic Meteorology Research Office Fax: [phone]
China Meteorological Administration E-mail: [e-mail]
46 Baishiqiao Western Suburb Road
BEIJING 10 0081
China

Mr M. MIETUS Tel: [phone]

Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Fax: [phone]
Maritime Branch Email:
ul. Waszyngtona 42
PL-81-342 GDYNIA
Poland

Ms Sylvia NICHOL Tel: [phone]

Atmospheric Division Fax: [phone]
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Email: [e-mail]
Research (NIWA)
P.O. Box 14 901
Kilbirnie
WELLINGTON
New Zealand

Mr Wolfgang SEIFERT Tel: [phone]

German Weather Service Fax: [phone]

Bernhard-Nocht Str. 76 E-mail: [e-mail]

D-20359 HAMBURG

Germany
Mr A.W. SETZER Tel: [phone] / 6136

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE Fax: [phone]
Av. Dos Astronautas, 1758 – Jardim da Granja Email: [e-mail]
12227.010 – SAO JOSE DOS CAMPOS
SP – Brasil

Mr Jonathan D. SHANKLIN Tel: [phone]

British Antarctic Survey Fax: [phone]
High Cross Email: [e-mail]
Madingley Road
CAMBRIDGE CB3 OET
United Kingdom

Dr R. SORANI Tel: [phone]

Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Fax: [phone]
Piazzale degli Archivi 34 Email:
001144 ROMA
Italy

Mr Hector O. SOSA Tel: [phone]

Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Fax: [phone]
25 de Mayo 658 Email: [e-mail]
1002 BUENOS AIRES
Argentina

Mrs Natalia TOKAR Tel: [phone]

State Committee for Hydrometeorology Fax: [phone]
6, Zolotovorotskaya Street Email: [e-mail]
252601 MSP
KIEV 34
Ukraine

Dr Yuri TSATUROV Tel: [phone]

Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology Fax: [phone]
and Environmental Monitoring Email: [e-mail]
12 Novovagankovsky str.
MOSCOW 123242
Russian Federation

List of ship call signs and names that made meteorological reports during the SMM

DBLK RV Polarstern

ELED7 Pacprince

JSVY Shirase

KAOU Roger Revelle

KCDK USNS Gus W Darnell

LAVT4 MV Polar Bird

LOAI Almirante Irizar

NBTM USCGC Polar Star

NRUO USCGC Polar Sea

OUEV OPF Triton

UCJP Kapitan Dranitsyn

UGXK Geo Arctic

VNAA RV Aurora Australis

WBP3210 Nathaniel B Palmer

WECB RV Melville

ZDLP RRS James Clark Ross

ZDLS1 RRS Ernest Shackleton

ZMFR RV Tangaroa

ZSAF Agulhas

Other ships which may operate in Antarctic waters include:
GTAB Cordella

GXRH HMS Endurance

UQYC Akademic Federov

VREI New Zealand Pacific

Reports of Countries on their Antarctic activities

ARGENTINA

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE (SMN) OF ARGENTINA IN THE ANTARCTIC

(Submitted by Mr. Héctor Sosa, National Meteorological Service, Argentina)

1. Observation system

   1. The SMN of Argentina keeps 5 surface synoptic stations working on operational basis, which also provide climatological, aeronautical, environmental and glaciological data as well. At Base Marambio it is located the Centro Meteorológico Antártico Marambio (CMA MBI) which is also the Collecting Center for Antarctic Data and Broadcasting Center for the Meteorological Products produced by the CMA MBI itself.

Fig 1 Location of the Antarctic stations operated by Argentina

2. During the current antarctic campaign, the argentine stations are fulfilling the following Work Plan:

Fig 2 Work Plan for the Antarctic Stations operated by Argentina.

3. At Marambio Base, and regarding the work on environmental observations the tasks performed are global radiation and UV radiation (Solar Light 501) and total amount of atmospheric ozone measurements (Dobson espectrofotometer). Also are performed, under the auspices of an agreement signed with the Finnish Meteorolocal Institute, ozonosondings in accordance to the following schedule:

Fig 3. Ozonosonding Plan for Marambio Base

1. Unfortunately, at the present time, and due to severe budgetary constraints, the radiosonde Work Plan for MBI has been reduced. Nevertheless, the SMN has the necessary logistic infrastructure in the mentioned Base (facilities, personnel and communication systems for data transmission in operational time) which would allow to resume upper-air soundings on a regular basis as long as the provision of supplies required (radiosonds, balloons and Helium gas) would be available through the signature of agreements with other Institutions, NWSs or Organizations willing to provide such material.

1. Data Processing System

   1. According to the monitoring performed at the SMN Data Processing Center (DPC) in Buenos Aires, the reports from the Argentine Antarctic Stations show a presence rate that surpasses the 95%.

Fig 4. Presence monthly average, in operational time, of the Argentine Antarctic Stations, received at the DPC Buenos Aires.

2. It is worth pointing out that the data are submitted to a double process of quality control; the first of which is performed at the very same meteorological station through an automatic system applied on the raw data (SOM), this process is followed by a more detailed internal quality control process at the DPC Buenos Aires, the review of the quality control results shows an average monthly error rate under the 7%.

Fig 5. Internal quality control monthly average error, obtained at the DPC Buenos Aires

3. Telecommunication System

   1. The monitoring of the Argentine Antarctic Stations incoming data to the RTH Buenos Aires recently performed (1 to 15 February 2002 and 1 to 15 October 2002) shows satisfactory results.

Fig 6. Delay control of synop reports incoming from the Argentine Antarctic Stations

1. Regarding CLIMAT Reports, 98% of them were transmitted from the Regional Telecommunication Hub Buenos Aires (RTH BUE) before the day 8 of the month in 2002.

2. Marambio Base has the following links for the meteorological exchange and broadcasting of CMA MBI products:

• 
  CMA MBI – RTH BUE: VSAT link, point to point at 64 Kbps, Alternative AFTN via VSAT
  
• 
  CMA MBI – ETC SOUTHBURY (USA): Via RTH SABM and MC SBCW, via GTS
  
• 
  CMA MBI – ANTARCTIC STATIONS: HF
  

1. In addition, the broadcasting of raw and processed data (forecasts, satellite images, numerical model outputs, tables and other graphic products) is done through the SMN web site:

www.meteofa.mil.ar

Its access is free for aeronautical and maritime users and for the general public as well.

4. 2003 Antarctic Campaign Planning

   1. It is planned to establish a surface observing station network for the summer antarctic campaign 2002/03 and winter 2003, according to the following table:

Fig 7. Work Plan for the Argentine Antarctic Stations, winter 2003.

1. It is planned to continue with the ozonosondings at Marambio (in cooperation with the FMI) and with the rest of the meteorological parameters observations.

2. The CMA MBI will continue providing Aeronautical Meteorological Services, Marine Meteorological Services for the Antarctic Sector, and with the broadcasting of Publich Weather products through Base Marambio facilities, the RTH Buenos Aires, Internet and Safetynet of INMARSAT.

1. Final conclusions

   1. Strong efforts are being made to keep the total number of Argentine Antarctic Stations working on operational basis.

   2. It will continue being applied a double quality control process (at the stations themselves and at the ERMC Buenos Aires) in order to keep the quality standards and the high levels of data presence achieved.

   3. The access to raw data and products from the CMA MBI will be optimized for forecasting purposes.

The SMN is open to the evaluation of possible agreement projects oriented to increase the soundings at Marambio.
AUSTRALIA

Australian Activities in Antarctica

Meteorological Monitoring and Prediction

2002/03
[A] STAFFED STATIONS

Operated by Australian Antarctic Division.

The responsible meteorological authority is the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology.
WMO Number Name of Station Latitude/Longitude Elevation (m)

89564 Mawson 67^o 36'S, 62^o 52'E 16

89571 Davis 68^o 35'S, 77^o 58'E 22

89611 Casey 66^o 17'S, 110^o 32'E 42

94998 Macquarie Is. 54^o 30'S, 158^o 57'E 8
Key to locations: M = Mawson, D = Davis, C = Casey, Mac = Macquarie Island.
Surface Observations Frequency Location

ANARE stations 3-hourly M, D, C, Mac

Atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity 00,03,06,09,

wind velocity, precipitation, sunshine duration, 12,15,18*,21* UTC

visibility, clouds, phenomena.

* AWS measurements only “overnight”.

Shipboard 3-hourly All voyages

Atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, 00,03,06,09

wind velocity, visibility, clouds, sea surface 12,15,18,21 UTC

temperature, sea ice concentration, ice bergs.

Aviation weather reports

Routine reports of METAR, SPECI and TTF half hourly** M,D,C & Mac and shipboard

** Continuous weather watch and amendment

service when aircraft are operating in the vicinity.

Upper Air Soundings

ANARE stations 12-hourly M, D, C, Mac

Atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, 00 & 12 UTC

and wind velocity profiles.
Significant change in programme:

The normal daily practice in 2003 will be to use 800gm balloons at Macquarie Island, Casey and Mawson to launch GPS radiosondes to frequently reach the 8hPa level.

At Davis 500gm balloons will continue to be used, except once a month, when 1200gm balloons are to be used to attain the greatest altitude possible. These upper atmosphere measurements are required for studies of ozone in the lower stratosphere and calibration of the LIDAR operated by AAD research scientists.
Communication of data

Method of transmission of real time synoptic data from Antarctica:

ANARESAT.

Real-time synoptic data exchange within Antarctica:

Synoptic observations at Zhongshan are relayed via Davis to the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) of WMO.
Satellite Remote Sensing Frequency Location

High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) 15-20 satellite C

Data stream from the NOAA series passes are tracked

of satellites - currently NOAA 14, 15 & 16. in each 24 hours

• 
  Images and TIP data are archived on DATs.
  

• 
  Computer system upgraded to HP in 1997.
  

• 
  Software upgraded again in 2000.
  

Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) M, D & C and on-board ships.

PC based systems giving colour enhanced images with 5km resolution from the NOAA series of satellites. Hard copy prints but no digital archive. Russian Meteor satellites may also be tracked

[B] AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS

Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) send their messages every 300 seconds. These messages are updated every hour. Polar orbiting NOAA satellites when over the AWS receive the data that are then communicated via the ARGOS system to WMO’s Global Telecommunications System. The data are used for meteorological forecasting, to support aviation operations, to provide climatic information, for studies of the surface wind process over the ice sheet, and to help the interpretation of proxy climate data in ice cores. The tabulation below is of AWS that were active as at November 2002 in contributing to the Basic Synoptic Network in Antarctica. In the summer of 2001/02 additional long-term automatic weather stations were deployed by AAD at Casey (Halfway), Casey (Peterson Airfield), Casey (Poinsett). CHINARE deployed an AWS supplied by AAD at LGB69.

WMO No/Site name Lat. (S) Long. (E) Elevation (m) Owner

89564 Mawson Met Office 67^o36' 62^o52' 16 BoM

89568 LGB35 76^o02'34" 65^o00'00" 2342 AAD

89571 Davis Met Office 68^o35'S 77^o58'E 22 BoM

89576 LGB69 70^o 50^’ 07^” 77 04 29 1850 CHINARE

89610 Casey (Poinsett) 65^o 52^’ 00^” 113 04 00 90 AAD

89611 Casey Met Office 66^o17' 110^o32' 42 BoM

89612 Casey Airfield 66^o16’42” 110^o47’48” 390 AAD

89614 Casey (Peterson) 66^o 35^’ 49^” 111 11 29 500 AAD

89816 Law Dome Summit S 66°46'09" 112^o48’38” 1376 AAD

89618 Casey (Halfway) 66^o 39^’37^” 112 00 42 1074 AAD

89757 LGB20 73^o49'58" 55^o40'18" 2741 AAD

89758 LGB10 71^o17'15" 59^o12'37" 2620 AAD

89762 LGB00 68^o39'19" 61^o06'46" 1830 AAD

89767 Amery 70^o53’31” 69^o52’21” 84 AAD

89774 LGB59 73^o27'06" 76^o47'21" 2537 AAD

89803 GFO8 68^o29’36” 102^o10’32” 2123 AAD

89811 Law Dome Summit 66^o 43^’ 50^” 112 44 39 1376 AAD

89812 AO28 68^o24'28" 112^o13'03" 1622 AAD

89813 GC41 71^o36'10" 111^o15'46" 2761 AAD

Sub-Antarctic Islands

95997 Heard Is.(Atlas Cove) 53^o 01’ 73^o 23’ 3 BoM

94997 Heard Is.(The Spit) 53^o 06’ 73^o 43’ 12 BoM

94998 Macquarie. Is. (M O) 54^o 30'S, 158^o 57'E 8 BoM

Key to ownership: AAD = Australian Antarctic Division