99
Litvinism, West-Russism and the Belarusian Idea. The XIXth – the Beginning of the XXth Century
to mention the book by Igor Marzaljuk
Ljudzi dauniaj Belarusi: etnakanfesijnyja i satsy-
jakulturnyja stereatipy (X–XVII st.) (Magileu, 2003). The author does not believe that the
nation is the product of the European modernization epoch. According to I. Marzaljuk,
“the concept of the nation united by “blood and ground”, common language and culture
possessing historical traditions of actually “Russian “statehood” starts to form in the XVIth
century in the environment of Rusin intellectual elite
3
. Igor Marzaljuk considers belonging
to a confession the major factor of ethnic self-identification. In his opinion, acceptance of
Catholicism meant breaking away from the old Belarusian ethnos and full (“mental and
language”) Polonization or Lithuanization
4
. However, this confessional restriction does
not allow to understand the subsequent (XIX century) participation of representatives of
Catholic gentry in the process of
the Belarusian idea formation
5
.
My own research of the political activity of Lithuanian and Belarusian Poles in the last
fifty years of history of the Russian empire, the desire to understand the place and role
of “the Polish question” in Belarusian history has forced me to analyze the ethnocultural
situation on Belarusian lands during the whole of the XIXth century. Accordingly, a cer-
tain scheme of development of the Belarusian idea, presented in the monograph
Pamizh
kraiovastsju ³ natsyjanalnaj idejaj … has been developed
6
. Several concepts have been
used including “
the Litvin tradition” introduced into the field of science by Svetlana
Kul’-Sel’verstova
7
,
“the West-Russian tradition” and
“the Belarusian cultural ac-
cumulation”
. The latter meant those
events of the cultural life which encouraged
penetration of the elite of the Belarusian language into culture and formed
independent historical consciousness
. At that stage certain cultural base for the de-
velopment of the national movement for the cultural and political emancipation was
being created.
I shall remind you of the major moments of the offered scheme and shall try to in-
form about those variants of the Belarusian national idea which were developed at the
beginning of the XXth century.
In the first half of the XIXth century the Belarusian cultural accumulation occurred
within the limits of
Litvin traditions. Litvinism was based on the historical and cultural
traditions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and on a certain tendency of democratization
which expressed itself in its interest in national culture, on the realization of its ethn-
ocultural difference both from Russians and from Poles from ethnic Poland. Litvinism
was a part of Rzechpospolita patriotism though at the same time it had a high degree of
autonomy. If one is to look at the confessional beliefs then the majority of representatives
of this tradition belonged to the Catholic Church, and by their class status they belonged
to the gentry. Literary and publicist essays written within the limits of this tradition were
created mainly in the Polish, Lithuanian and Belarusian languages. The written Belarusian
language used the Latin alphabet. Vilno was the center of Litvin traditions.
Vilno university professors in the first third of the XIXth century became the found-
ers of the Belarusian cultural accumulation. Works of M. Bobrovsky, I. Danilovich, J. Jaro-
shevich, I. Lobojko contributed to the formation of independent Litvin historical memory.