Pedagogika instituti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi chet tillar- ona tillari qiyosiy tipologiyasi

Glossary 
1. Comparative typology is one of the branches of General Linguistics. It deals
with comparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity
2. The origin of the word typology is typos-means «type», logos- means
«science».
3. Non-Linguistic typology serves as a method of comparison in all sciences
besides linguistics.
4. The substantial comparison means thecomparison of some concrete things or
objects.
5. The non-substantial comparison means thecomparison of systems and their
elements.
6. Internal approach to language description deals with the cross system of any
concrete language.
7. External approach to language description deals with the cross language
description.
8. Panchronically means the comparison of language systems though they are
living or dead.
9. Synchronically means thecomparison of language systems concerning modern
period.
10. Diachronically means the comparison of language system from a historical
viewpoint.
11. Genetic typology is a branch of Comparative typology, which studies the
simi-larities, and differences of originally related languages. 12. Areal typology is
a branch of Comparative typology that studies (using the methods of linguistic
geography) distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and
interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.
13. Structural typology is the major branch of Comparative typology and aims to
identify structural language types.
14. Language universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural
languages, potentially true for all of them.
15. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding
derivationalaffixes to different types of bases.
16. Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes.
17. Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes.
18. Contrastive linguistics is a practice-oriented linguistic approach that seeks to
describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages (hence it is
occasionally called "differential linguistics").
19. The term 'phonetics' is the greek word ("phone"-meaning sound, voice and
"tika" - a science/box). It is a science which studies the phonetic substance and the
expression area of the language, or otherwise a physical media of a language
(sounds, syllables, stress, and intonation).
20. From the acoustic and articulator points of view, the phonemic system of
any language may be divided into vowels and consonants. 143

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21.Segmental phonology studies phonemes realized in avarious speech sound.

Therefore, it may be called phonemics.
22. Suprasegmental phonology (prosodies) studies the distinctive features
realized in syllables, stress, and intonation.
23.The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its
time. N.S. Trubetskoy is considered the founder of thetypology of thephonological
system (theory of distinctive features).
24.Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence
with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress
placement and degrees of it.
25.Intonation is a complex unity of speech melody, sentence stress, thetempo of
speech, therhythm of speech, voice tember and pausation that enables the speaker
to express his thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
26.When phonemes are pronounced in words, they change their place of
articulation or their features, this process is called assimilation.
27.Dissimilation is the process by which one of two similar or identical sounds in
a word becomes less like the other, such as the / in English marble (from French