39.Morphology is the main part of grammar that studies parts of speech their
categories and word systems.
40.
Morphological level studies the smallest meaningful unit of a language –
morpheme.
The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe ‗form‘ + -eme.
The Greek suffix -erne has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest
significant or distinctiveunit.
41.
Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that
groups languages according to their common morphological structures.
42.
Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the
correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are
composed of independent root morphemes.
43.
Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent
morphemes to a root morpheme.
44.
Due to the presence and absence of word forms (prefixes, infixes, suffixes)
language, words are divided into those, which have affixes, and those, which do
not have them.
45.
Language that does not have affixes is called Isolate: Chinese, Japanese.
46.When a word is a whole sentence, this type is called
Polysynthetic
(American-Indian languages). These languages have
a high morpheme-to-word
ratio, a highly regular morphology, and the tendency for verb forms to include
morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject.
47.
Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are
always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents
only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are
easily
demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be
individually identified.
48.
Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root
or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one
affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the
root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or
by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable
from the root.
49.
The term grammatical category is based on grammar. It means the
combination of the meaning, its form. (eg. Work+s =works / cat.of tense).
50.
The syntax is the set of rules, principles, and
processes that govern the
structure of sentences in a given language, specifically word order. The term
syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.[3] The
goal of many syntacticians is to discover the syntactic rules common to all
languages.
51.
Syntactic typology is concerned with discovering cross-linguistic patterns in
the formation of particular constructions, whether those constructions are phrasal,
clausal, or sentential.
52.
Nominative language is a languagewhere the single argument of an intransitive
verb and the agent of a transitive verb (both called the subject) are treated alike and
kept distinct from the object of a transitive verb.
53.Ergative language is a language in which the single argument ("subject") of an
intransitive verb behaves like the
object of a transitive verb, and differently from
the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb. For instance, instead of saying "she
moved" and "I moved her", speakers of an ergative language would say the
equivalent of "she moved" and "by me moved she".
54.
Word order in linguistics typically refers to the order of subject (S), verb (V)
and object (O) in a sentence. The arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or
sentence. In many languages, including English, word order plays an important
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