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sxnen. mdgomareoba Zalzed rTuli iyo Temur lengis armiisTvisac ki,
romlebmac daipyres indoeTi wina wels da im mizniT, rom naZarcvi
mieRo Tavisi jarisTvis, gadawyvita, sadme wasuliyo da Semdeg 1401
wels Sevida baRdadSi, sadac TiTqmis mTeli muslimi mosaxleoba
gaanadgura.
mefe giorgim isargebla am mokle periodiT, rodesac monRolebi
ar iyvnen mis qveyanaSi da moaxerxa Tavisi centraluri xelisuflebis
gaZliereba, amoJlita yvela Tavisi moRalate liderebi da gaanadgura
monRolebis garnizonebi. Tumca, amave dros, wamoiwia Turqosmalebma,
romlebic SeiWrnen anatoliasa da evropaSi. amis gamo Temur lengi
saswrafod dabrunda da radgan ar SeeZlo orivesTan, qarTvelebTan
da TurqosmalebTan erTdroulad brZola, gadawyvita, samSvidobo
xelSekruleba gaeformebina saqarTvelos mefesTan. 1402 wels Temur
lengma daipyro anatolia da daamarcxa osmaleTis imperiis sulTani
baiazid I ankarasTan momxdar brZolaSi.
1
baiazidi tyved aiyvanes da
igi tyveobaSi gardaicvala. Temur lengs amoqmedebda motivacia,
rom gaelaSqra osmalebis winaaRmdeg, rac aRadgenda selCukebis
reputacias. Temur lengi ganixilavda selCukebs, rogorc anatoliis
samarTlebriv mmarTvelebs, radgan monRoli Cingizidebi kanonierad
iyvnen datovebuli mmarTvelebad (zustad iseve, rogorc moskovis
yaenebi). Tumca Temur lengis sikvdilis Semdeg CingizidebTan erTad
Camoyalibda meore TurqmonRoluri samefo Timuridebis dinastia.
Turqebze es gamarjveba evropelebma sixaruliT miiRes da yvela
qristianulma mefem gamougzavna Temur lengs misaloci werili,
radgan maTTvis Turqebi gacilebis saSiSi iyvnen. elCebi igzavnebodnen
im mizniT, raTa gaerTianebuliyvnen Turqebis winaaRmdeg. magram
saqarTvelos mefe ar mivida osmalebze gamarjvebis misalocad, ris ga
moc Temurma gadawyvita misi dasja da wamoiwyo bolo, merve Semoseva
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi da 700 qalaqi da sofeli aoxrebul iqna da
misi mcxovreblebi amoxocili. miuxedavad amisa, igi iZulebuli iyo,
saqarTvelo eRiarebina qristianul qveynad. 1405 wels igi daiZra
CineTisken, Tumca amave wels daiRupa artarSi ise, rom ver miaRwia
CineTis sazRvramde.
1
Temur lengis azriT, Turqosmalebi iyvnen selCukebis mcire vasalebi.
osmalebi iyvnen adgilobrivi Tavadebi an erTerTi azieli emiratis begebi
`beg~. osmalebi (otomanebi), romlebic gamoaZeves monRolebma xorasanidan,
movidnen rumSi TurqselCukebTan samsaxurSi, romlebmac isini daasaxles
Zveli frigiis teritoriaze. Tumca male osmalebis ricxvi gaizarda da
dominantebi gaxdnen anatoliaSi, radgan selCukebi monRolebTan brZoliT
ukve daqanculni iyvnen.
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es iyo saqarTvelos civilizaciis totaluri dasasruli. mTeli
saukunis manZilze monRolebis mbrZaneblobam saqarTveloze gamoiwvia
saxelmwifos danawevreba da TandaTanobiTi daknineba. 1465 wels samefo
daiSala Semdeg politikur nawilebad: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis
samefoebi, samcxis, odiSis, svaneTis, guriis da afxazeTis samTavroebi,
romlebic gamudmebiT ebrZodnen erTmaneTs. mosaxleobis 1/3 ga
nadgurebuli iyo. es iyo `didi saqarTvelos~ dasasruli. yvela saer
TaSoriso savaWro gza (`abreSumis gza~) axlidan gaiyvanes kavkasiisgan
damoukideblad. ierusalimis mmarTveloba, romelic egviptis mamluq
sulTanebisgan gadaecaT, dakarges.
Turq-osmalebi saqarTveloSi
1453 wels Turqebma daipyres konstantinopoli sulTan mehmed II-is
Mehmed II meTaurobiT. amas aseve axlda ekonomikuri mizezi – bizantia
nebas aZlevda mehamed II-s, rom gadaekveTa srute, erTi dukatis fasad
TiTo jariskacze, raTa ieriSi mietanaT kaTolike qveynebze (ungreTi)
da xelSi CaegdoT Zvirfasi nadavli. gadasaxadi mainc sakmaod Zviri
eCveneboda mehameds da igi miubrunda TviT konstantinopols. axla
ukve ungrelebis daxmarebiT man gamoadno msoflioSi im droisaTvis
yvelaze didi qvemexebi, romlebic sul ramdenime gasrolas uZlebdnen,
magram es sakmarisi iyo konstantinopolis aqamde auRebeli kedlebis
Tbilisi
TBILISI
moskovi
MOSCOW
stamboli
ISTANBUL
ierusalimi
JERUSALEM
baRdadi
BAGHDAD
Teirani
TEHERAN
1700 km
900 km
1300 km
1400 km
1000 km
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dasangrevad. garda amisa, CineTidan Tofiswamalis Semotana gaxda
SesaZlebeli da bizantiam dakarga Tavisi 1000-wliani saidumlo iara-
Rze – `berZnuli cecxli~.
amis Semdeg evropelebi da gansakuTrebiT romis papi gaaqtiurdnen,
raTa SeeqmnaT aliansi Turqebis winaaRmdeg da moewyoT jvarosnuli
omi saqarTvelosTan, somxeTTan, Temur lengTan da sxva muslim
qveynebTan erTad, magram amaod. evropelebma daiwyes TavinTi qalaqebis
aRdgena, qvis Senobebisa da monastrebis ageba da aRar surdaT kvlav
omi. vasko da gamas Vasco da Gama aRmoCenis Semdeg 1498 wels `abreSumis
gzam~
1
`Silk road~ gadainacvla zRvaze (afrikidan indoeTisken). pirvelma
portugalielma iaponiasac miaRwia 1543 wels. amerika aRmoaCina
genuelma qristefore kolumbma Christopher Colombo 1492 wels da amave
wels germanelma martin beheimma Martin Beheim Seqmna pirveli globusi.
evropaSi daiwyo teqnikuri revolucia. leonardo da vinCi Leonardo Da
Vinci, msoflio universaluri geniosi, daibada 1470 wels. laibnicma
da niutonma Leibnitz and Newton Seqmnes Tanamedrove maTematikuri
gaangariSeba. iohanes gutenbergma Johannes Gutenberg 1454 wels dabeWda
biblia. evropas ar sWirdeboda omi savaWro gzisTvis. ufro metic,
teqnikuri upiratesobiT da samxedro ZlierebiT gamorCeuli dasavleT
evropis protestanti qveynebi da Turqebi kaTolike Zalebis winaaRmdeg
gaerTiandnen da maTTan brZola ufro saintereso iyo maTTvis, vidre
sxva Soreul qveynebTan.
amave dros, 1480 wels moskovis yaeni aujanyda monRolebs, rac
Sida omebisgan Sesustebis gamo moxda, da Sewyvita xarkis gadaxda. es
fuli moxmarda 100-wliani evropuli protestant-kaTolikuri omis
veteranebis daqiravebas da maTi mxardaWeriT periferiuli saxanoebis
damorCilebas (TaTreTidan cimbiramde) da monRoluri imperiis cen-
trma gadainacvla moskovSi.
monRolebisa da Temur lengis gauCinarebis Semdeg daiwyo Turq
osmalebis Semosevebi. 1453 wels maT mehmed II muradis Mehmed II Murad
meTaurobiT ianiCaris jarTan erTad aiRes konstantinopoli da
bolos bizantiis imperia da trapizonic daarbies 1461 wels. 1475 wels
yirimis saxano gaxda TurqeTis vasali. saqarTvelo axla praqtikulad
1
abreSumis gzaze mxolod evropelebi moZraobdnen. arc erT Cinels
dasavleTisken ar umogzauria. arc muslimebi mogzaurobdnen evropis
aramuslimur qveynebSi, vinaidan arc Cinelebisa da arc muslimanisaTvis
evropaSi araferi iyo saintereso, monebis garda.