70
Forgotten Laxdæla Poetry: A Study and an Edition of Tyrfingur Finnsson’s
Vísur uppá Laxdæla sǫgu
Ilya V. Sverdlov, Helsinki
Collegium for Advanced Studies, and Sofie Vanherpen, Ghent
University
Abstract: The paper discusses the metre and the diction of a previously unpublished short poem composed in the 18
th
century about characters of Laxdæla saga
. The stanzas are ostensibly in skaldic dróttkvætt
. Analysis shows them to be a
remarkably successful imitation of the classical metre, implying an extraordinarily good grasp of dróttkvætt
poetics on
the part of a poet who was composing several centuries after the end of the classical dróttkvætt
period.
As early as the 12
th
century, an Icelander by the
name of Haukr Valdísarson, otherwise
unknown, composed verses praising the heroes
of the sagas in the stanzas of his
Íslendinga-
drápa [‘Encomium on Icelanders’] (Hughes
2008). The verses list over 27 Icelanders
known to us through the
Íslendingasögur
[‘Sagas of Icelanders’]. The ending is lost – it
could have included material on the
Laxdæla
heroes. Otherwise, it is not until the 16
th
century that stanzas inspired by the content and
characters of
Laxdæla saga [‘The Saga of the
People of Salmon River Valley’] start to
appear in manuscripts as appendices to the
saga text. Þórður Magnússon á Strjúgi (ca.
1545‒1610) is the first known Icelandic poet to
compose a so-called
kappakvæði [lit. ‘a poem
about heroes’], a flexible poetic genre
dedicated to praising/listing saga characters;
Þórður’s poem includes stanzas in praise of
Kjartan son of Óláfr (stanza 12) and Bolli son
of Þorleikr (stanza 13), two of the principal
Laxdæla characters. These panegyrics have
been preserved only in late
Laxdæla
manuscripts, dating from the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries
(Vanherpen 2012; 2015).
1
All
through the 17
th
century, scribes vigorously
copied Þórður Magnússon’s stanzas word-for-
word as a concluding piece to the saga text.
These two stanzas from Þórður Magnússon’s
kappakvæði were first edited and published by
Jon Þorkelsson in his edition of the poem in the
4
th
volume of
Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi (
ANF)
in 1888 (Jon Þorkelsson 1888). In addition to his
kappakvæði, Þórður’s celebrated
Fjósaríma
[‘The Cowshed Poem’] was also printed in this
particular volume of
ANF. In
Fjósaríma,
Þórður refers to
Laxdæla saga in stanza 49,
listing Kjartan Ólafsson among those heroes
who never fought in a cowshed:
Kjartan spilla kunni hlíf,
karlmanns hafði sinni,
þegninn aldrei þreytti kíf
þar sem naut voru inni
…
(Jon Þorkelsson 1888.)
Kjartan knew how to break a[n enemy’s]
shield, he was a popular man, the warrior
never picked a quarrel at a place
where cattle
were kept …
New stanzas involving the heroes of
Laxdæla
appeared when, by the second half of the 17
th
century, poets and scribes started to write and
create new
kappakvæði. For example, a
kappakvæði by Steinunn Finnsdóttir (ca. 1640
– ca. 1710) has two long stanzas on
Laxdæla
saga (JS 470 8
vo
, f. 343ff; Steinunn Finnsdóttir
1950: 116). Furthermore, other short praise
poems were added to Þórður’s two stanzas as a
companion piece to the saga text.
2
Indeed,
from the first half of the 18
th
century, there
survives one such
kappakvæði stanza jotted
down by an anonymous scribe. In ÍB 45 fol.
and TCD MS 2009 fol., the respective scribes
copied an additional stanza on Kjartan
Óláfsson (see ÍB 45 fol., f. 35v and TCD MS
2009 fol., f. 81v). Nearly half a century later,
the anonymous scribe of Lbs 1212 4
to
added
another stanza on Bolli Bollason to the two
kappakvæði stanzas by Þórður Magnússon
(Lbs 1212 4
to
, f. 101v).
Towards the middle of the 18
th
century,
poets composed new
Laxdæla character
panegyrics very much in the same vein as
Þórður Magnússon and Steinunn Finnsdóttir
had. In Ms. 4° 126, a manuscript stored at the
Nasjonalbiblioteket in Oslo, four anonymous
poems called
Laxdæla hrós [‘
Laxdæla praise’]
immediately follow the
Laxdæla saga text (see
Ms. 4° 126, pp. 169‒170). The topics of these
short poems are the saga’s characters Hǫskuldr
71
Dala-Kollsson, his illegitimate son Óláfr
pái
[‘The Peacock’], the latter’s son Kjartan, and
Kjartan’s half-cousin Bolli (for details, see the
plot summary below). And in 1747, one
Tyrfingur Finnsson, an ex-vicar born in 1713
(date of death is unknown), composed seven
short
vísur in honour of the main characters of
the saga, one of which is in praise of Auðr
djúp(a)uðga [‘the Deep-Minded’ or ‘the
Extremely Wealthy’] and another in praise of
Guðrún, daughter of Ósvífr (Lbs 513 4
to
).
Unique amongst the
Laxdæla-inspired poetry,
Tyrfingur’s poem is the first Icelandic
kappakvæði that not only mentions, but is also
in
praise of, these two famous saga women.
Apparently, the last in a tradition of
Laxdælakappakvæði poets is Gísli Konráðsson
(1787‒1877), who, in 1807, composed and
wrote down a short poem in praise of Kjartan
Óláfsson (Lbs 2457 4
to
, f. 102v). Although
poetry inspired by
Laxdæla saga continued to
be written, by the early 19
th
century this
particular tradition of
Laxdælakappakvæði
began to fade and quietly died out.
Even though interest in the use of skaldic
poetry in the saga text itself has recently grown
(Guðrún Nordal 2001; 2002), no research has
been done so far on the
kappakvæði that follow
the saga in manuscripts or poetry that was
inspired by the saga. The aim of this article is
to draw attention to these hitherto unstudied
texts by focusing on one particular set of
Laxdæla stanzas, the
vísur by Tyrfingur
Finnsson. We have opted for Tyrfingur’s
stanzas because they are an attempt to write
dróttkvætt poetry well past the commonly
accepted date of the demise of that tradition, as
well as because, in a rare departure from the
canon, two of the stanzas praise female saga
characters. We briefly discuss the author and
poet Tyrfingur Finnsson, and we also provide
information on the manuscript Lbs 513 4
to
and
its contents. We present, for the first time, an
edited text of the
vísur with an English
translation of the poems presented over and
against the Icelandic text,
3
as well as a detailed
commentary on the text and a discussion on the
stanzas’ metre and diction.
The Scribe: Tyrfingur Finnsson
Very little is known about Tyrfingur Finnsson.
He was born in 1713 at Akrar á Mýrum in
Hraunhreppur, in western Iceland, where his
father, Finnur Þórðarson (1687‒1733), was a
farmer. His mother, Guðrún Högnadóttir
(1679‒?), came from Straumfjörður. His
paternal grandfather, Þórður Finnsson (1651‒
1729), was a member of
lögrétta, then
a public
court of law, and a district administrative
officer. (Guðrún Ingólfsdóttir 2011: 97.)
Tyrfingur attended the Cathedral School in
Skálholt from 1728‒1735 and in 1737 became
a pastor at Staður in Súgandafjörður, in the
West Fjords of Iceland (Páll Eggert Ólason
1952: 34). In 1740, he was found guilty of
drunkenness and causing havoc during mass
and consequently defrocked (Páll Eggert
Ólason 1952: 34). Little is known about
Tyrfingur after his defrocking, beside the fact
he was active as a scribe when he wrote at least
three manuscripts from 1742‒1747.
4
He is not
mentioned in the Icelandic census of 1762, so
one assumes he died before that date (Census
of 1762).
The majority of works in Tyrfingur’s hand
are theological texts; they were most likely
written down during the years that he was a
pastor. Two manuscripts, Lbs 513 4
to
and Lbs
2480 4
to
, written by him between 1742 and
1747, after his defrocking, contain sagas or
saga-inspired texts. His choice of saga
literature probably reflects his changing tastes
and adds new works to his scribal repertoire,
suggesting that the defrocking resulted in a
sudden outburst of creativity.
Only a handful of manuscripts in
Tyrfingur’s hand survive. Of these, only Lbs
513 4
to
sheds some light on the life of this little-
known 18
th
-century pastor and his original
Laxdælakappakvæði composition.
The Manuscript: Lbs 513 4
to
Lbs 513 4
to
is a paper manuscript, 180 x 150
mm, containing 176 leaves of text (with five
preceding and three following), all in
Tyrfingur’s hand. Many of the leaves show
signs of wear and tear. In particular, the edges
of the paper bear brown and dark stains. This
indicates that many hands have leafed through
the manuscript: it appears to have been used
(i.e. read) a lot. One or more leaves are missing
at
the beginning; these contained the title page
and the opening portion of
Eyrbyggja saga.
The plain three-quarter’s brown leather binding