A review of Nontraditional Teaching Methods: Flipped Classroom, Gamification, Case Study, Self-Learning, and Social Media

2019
,
9
, 273
6 of 20
5. Data Collection
The approach adopted for this study’s literature review was similar to those of previous literature
reviews in the area of education in engineering [
91
,
92
]. The process of review for this study is presented
in Figure
2
. It was initiated by entering the following keywords into various search engines to
collect relevant scholarly works: nontraditional teaching methods, innovative teaching approaches,
educational methods, improving classroom teaching, interactive learning environment, teaching
strategies, learning; teaching practices, engagement, motivation, etc. Approximately 2000 relevant
peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, dissertations, and research reports published on
higher education techniques were identified and collected. More than three-quarters of the papers
were journal articles because of the rigorousness of their review process. The research team provided
the following inclusion criteria to establish an appropriate database for this study:
(1)
The scholarly works must be published in the English language;
(2)
The scholarly works must have been published between 2000 and 2017;
(3)
The scholarly works must have been published by one of the distinguished publishers such as
IEEE, ASCE, MDPI, Taylor & Francis, etc.;
(4)
The scholarly works must be associated with education in engineering;
(5)
The scholarly works must pertain to nontraditional teaching methods.
Educ. Sci. 
2019
, 
9
, x FOR PEER REVIEW 
6 of 20 
5. Data Collection 
The approach adopted for this study’s literature review was similar to those of previous 
literature reviews in the area of education in 
engineering [91,92]. The 
process of review for this study 
is presented in Figure 2. It was initiated by entering the following keywords into various search 
engines to collect relevant scholarly works: nontraditional teaching methods, innovative teaching 
approaches, educational methods, improving classroom teaching, interactive learning environment, 
teaching strategies, learning; teaching practices, engagement, motivation, etc. Approximately 2000 
relevant peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, dissertations, and research reports 
published on higher education techniques were identified and collected. More than three-quarters of 
the papers were journal articles because of the rigorousness of
their review process. The research 
team provided the following inclusion criteria to establish an appropriate database for this study: 
(1)
The scholarly works must be published in the English language; 
(2)
The scholarly works must have been published between 2000 and 2017; 
(3)
The scholarly works must have been published by one of the distinguished publishers such as 
IEEE, ASCE, MDPI, Taylor & Francis, etc.; 
(4)
The scholarly works must be associated with education in engineering; 
(5)
The scholarly works must pertain to nontraditional teaching methods
. 
The most frequently studied nontraditional teaching methods identified in the collected 
scholarly works were: flipped classroom, gamification, case study, self-learning, and social media. 
Only papers associated with education in engineering were retained; all others were excluded. After 
the retained papers were screened to assess their quality and eligibility, 125 papers remained; these 
were reviewed in depth to investigate nontraditional teaching techniques that could improve the 
involvement of engineering students in the teaching process.