6
REPE BOŽO, »Liberalizem« v Sloveniji, in: Borec 44/9-10 (1992) 673-949
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7
THE
TERRITORY
The geographic position of present-day Slovenia, squeezed between the Alps and the
Adriatic Sea, has exposed this territory to the tides of history. It has always been a place of
transition, a borderland and a crossroads, but also a bridge between different cultures, people,
nations and states. Although small in size – the modern Slovene state measures just
20,000 km
2
The geography of Slovene territory has also made it a European transport hub.
According to geographers, along the entire stretch of the Mediterranean basin from southern
France to Istanbul, the most convenient, shortest and easiest route across the imposing ring of
mountains, from the Alps and Dinarics to the Balkan Mountains that hem it in to the north,
passes through Slovene territory. This is where the Pannonian Plain reaches its closest point to
the Mediterranean, and the highest Karst passes between Ljubljana and Trieste lie no higher
than 600 m above sea level for a radius of 30 km in the Postojna or Adriatic Gate, also known
as the Italo-Illyrian Gate. All traffic heading towards Italy and the Mediterranean from the
western Balkans, Pannonian Plain, eastern Alps and the Czech territories passes through
Slovene territory. Two historical witnesses to the geopolitical importance of Slovene territory
are the Amber Road, which linked the Baltic coast to the northern Adriatic, and the legend of
the Argonauts, in which Jason’s band of sailors travel along the Danube, Sava and Ljubljanica
rivers to Nauportus (Vrhnika), where they dismantle their ship and carry it over the Karst to
the Adriatic Sea, before sailing back to Greece. The convenient Karst passes reach towards
Italy along the 40-
km Vipava valley, which stretches from the Soča (It. Isonzo) river into the
mountainous continental interior, opening a path towards rich northern Italy for those arriving
from the east. At the end of the eighth century, Paul the Deacon, historian of the Lombards,
wrote that all Italy is “surrounded by the waves of the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas, but to the
west and north it is so closed in by the Alps that there is no entrance to it, save via narrow
passes and over the lofty summits of the mountains. Yet from the eastern side, where it is
joined to Pannonia, it has an approach that lies open, broad and quite level.” The Romans
were well aware of the strategic importance of this territory to the defence of Italy’s most
vulnerable border, through which numerous tribes, peoples and armies entered the Italian
– four major European geographical regions meet in its territory: the Alps, which
cover the north-west, the Pannonian Plain, also known as the Great Hungarian Plain, to the
east, the Dinaric Alps, known also by the ancient toponym of the Karst (Kras), which covers
the southern part of Slovene territory, and the Mediterranean, which, as the Adriatic, makes its
most northerly encroachment into continental central Europe in the Gulf of Trieste.
8
peninsula throughout history, and they built a special defensive system
, the
claustra Alpium
Iuliarum, creating a network of important roads spreading out from Aquileia towards the
central Danube region, Pannonia, and western Illyricum.
Slovene territory is not just the meeting point of geographic elements, but also a point
at which different cultures have overlapped: horse people from the eastern Steppes and
barbarians from the west, north and east of Europe; Slavs, Germans, Romans and Finno-Ugric
Hungarians; the western European Empire and Byzantium from the east. It has long been a
place of immigrant mobility and indigenous tenacity. This great diversity has left its mark on
this small territory, and has been preserved as part of the region’s rich history and tradition.
This is the invaluable heritage of the Slovene territory, which should be recognised, cared for,
and preserved for future generations. The history of a territory and its inhabitants – and this
applies very much to this work – cannot simply be reduced to the history of one nation,
particularly if, like the vast majority of European nations, it only coalesced as a political
nation in the nineteenth century. Of course, this is by no means a uniquely Slovene problem.
Elsewhere in Europe, historians talk of countries and nations in periods when neither had yet
come into being. When the French talk of their first dynasty, they are likely to be thinking of
the Frankish Merovingians. Equally, German and Austrian works on their own lands in the
Early Middle Ages are often anachronistic, creating an image of something that never existed
politically. So, just as it would be out of place to speak of Ljudevit Posavski (Louis, prince of
Lower Pannonia) as a Croat prince, it would also be misleading to refer to Carantanian prince
Borut as a Slovene prince and Carantania as the first Slovene state. At that time, the
inhabitants of part of the later Slovene ethnic territory were only identified as Carantanians, or
at best as Slavs. Slovenia and Slovenes have not always existed and using these two terms to
describe the Early Middle Ages is an attempt to exploit the past to benefit current interests and
ideas. One such idea is the assertion found in all the Slovene history textbooks that Slovenes
settled in an area stretching north to the Danube, and that a process of Germanisation led to
them losing two-thirds of their national territory. Yet this approach always neglects to provide
any grounds for the claim that the Slavs living along the Danube in the Early Middle Ages
were Slovenes.
A history of the Slovenes therefore only relates to recent centuries, but that does not
mean that Slovene history, understood as the history of the land where present-day Slovenia is
located and its people, is any the less for this distinction, only that it has been more accurately
defined. To discuss only the history of Slovenes or the history of the Slovene nation – as the
titles of previous histories have implied, though fortunately their content has been broader –