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71 Carinthia Carinthia’s development into a Land was very different from the process in Styria. Although Carinthia became a duchy over two centuries before Styria, it only developed into a
in 976, it was also ephemeral. In the hundred years until 1077, when the Eppensteiners became hereditary Carinthian dukes, Carinthia had ten dukes and the office changed hands twelve times. Few of them, except Adalbero of Eppenstein (1012–1035), carried much weight in the duchy. Some had no contact with Carinthia, and not all had properties there. They did not generally issue documents as dukes of Carinthia, and some did not even visit ‘their’ duchy. The honour and title of duke of Carinthia served primarily to achieve the rank of imperial prince, and liberate their Frankish or Swabian estates from local ducal jurisdiction. The authority they did have in Carinthia was restricted by the waltpoto, who administered royal lands in the region, and in some ways also watched over the duke himself; the term itself, a colloquial form of the German Gewalt-bote, means exactly the same as the missus
first holder of this office in Carinthia, attested between 965 and 1027, was Hartwik, who was also a Bavarian count-palatinate, and the closest confidant of Otto I and Otto II. The wealthy estate he acquired from this position passed via his two daughters to the counts of Haimburg on the one hand, and on the other to the Aribones, founders of abbeys at Göss in modern-day Austrian Styria (1020) and Millstatt (c. 1077) in Carinthia (the counts of Gorizia, who would later become the largest landowners in upper Carinthia also had familial ties with the Aribones). In Carinthia, the key positions of power were not held by dukes, but by the ecclesiastical and lay holders of royal land. Of the latter, the archdiocese of Salzburg and diocese of Bamberg were particularly important. During the Central Middle Ages, Salzburg, which had been making inroads into the district since the Carantanian mission of the mid- eighth century, controlled all the major routes leading north via the Felbertauern, Katschberg and Friesach. Friesach, Carinthia’s major town until the end of the thirteenth century, was so powerfully fortified that contemporary accounts are more reminiscent of a royal seat than an archbishop’s, and from the mid-twelfth century it minted the Friesach pfennig, which played a leading role in the currency circulating in the southeastern Alpine region. The founding in 1007 of the Frankish diocese of Bamberg was equally important to Carinthian history. It was founded by King Henry II, who bestowed rich estates on the bishopric – the last of the crown lands on the territory of present-day Carinthia – with the
72 strategically important Villach being of particular value. A bridge over the Drava there is mentioned in 878, and in 979 a castle, manor and church are recorded in what remains to this day Carinthia’s most important traffic junction. It gave Bamberg control over the ‘diagonal passage’ via the Val Canale into Italy and the route between all of eastern Carinthia and the upper Drava and Gail valleys, and also the route to the upper Sava valley via the Wurzenpass. Henry IV’s grant of market rights in 1060 removed Villach from the jurisdiction of the Carinthian duke, and was one of the legal foundations for Bamberg retaining immediate status and extraterritoriality for all its Carinthian holdings till 1535. Like the Bamberg Carinthian possessions, the holdings of the counts of Gorizia in the then upper Carinthia centred on Lienz in present-day East Tyrol, were part of the Duchy of Carinthia, but not part the Land of Carinthia, as the duke of Carinthia had no jurisdiction over them as a territorial prince. The nobles there, in the ‘Outer County of Gorizia’, recognised the counts of Gorizia as their territorial lords. The county of Ortenburg on the middle course of the Drava, with its centre at Spittal, and the (titular) county of Sternberg, east of Villach, had the same status between 1436 and 1456. Both counties were inherited by the counts of Cilli when the Ortenburgs died out in 1418. Shortly before that, their seigneuries had become imperial fiefs. The counts of Cilli also acquired the Ortenburgs’ seigneuries in Carniola. When the Counts of Cilli were raised to the status of imperial princes in 1436, the counties of Ortenburg-Sternberg became part of the Cilli principality and Land, and were detached from the Land of Carinthia. Given the role of the church and nobility as the predominate powers, the dukes of Carinthia had little opportunity to develop the strong territorial supremacy needed to later achieve jurisdiction over the duchy as territorial prince. Only in 1077, when the Eppensteiners became dukes of Carinthia once more (following Adalbero from 1012 to 1035), did a breakthrough in ducal power over Carinthia finally become possible and even probable. Liutold of Eppenstein’s accession brought the title of duke of Carinthia to a higher noble house from the duchy, a house which also had significant holdings there, primarily in the east, in present-day upper Styria, where the castle after which they were named stood on the upper Mura. The Eppensteiners were the first dukes whose interests were primarily focused on Carinthia itself, which now gained a hereditary ducal dynasty for a lengthy period for the first time since becoming a separate duchy. Liutold was succeeded in 1090 by his brother Henry, who was already the margrave of Istria and advocate of the Aquileian patriarchate. A third brother, Ulrich, first abbot at the renowned St. Gallen, became the patriarch of Aquileia in 1086, and hence held jurisdiction as count in Friuli. In 1093, Emperor Henry IV granted him the March of Carniola, which he had entrusted to the patriarch in 1077, but which he had Yüklə 2,45 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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