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vations displayed a bench belonged to smith workshop, furnace of 35-centimeter
diameter, pottery pipe used to pass air from bellow to furnace.
Mass character and kind variety of findings substantiate functioning of
several workshops simultaneously in the explored area. As we mentioned earlier, a
great number of metal wastes were revealed around smith workshop in 8th square
in III site. Stone articles of various size and shape used by blacksmiths were also
displayed from that area. Inner part of various-size troughs made of mine stones is
hewed, and surface of some stones is grinded straight and plane. There are rests of
rust into almost most stone troughs. Apparently, after blacksmiths and braziers
forge hot iron or copper products on flat and smooth stones, they cooled it off into
stone troughs full of water. Investigations show that the product entered the
workshop as raw material, is usually severed first and divided into certain parts
being cut. Later it was melted and urgent things prepared of that. Hot-forgery
method was mainly applied in industrial process. Garbage slags disseminated
around in work process prove that. To recall, there are plenty of severed, but non-
used raw-material remnants along with garbages in smith workshop studied in III
site.
It's interesting that tools used by masters were revealed in smith workshops
displayed in Agsu. Chisel, scissors, thimble, tools for copper forgery, as well as
miniature, tools used in decoration, a pair of tongs, a hammer, an axe, iron-graver,
hole-graver, fretwork and other samples applied in masonry can be example for
that.
Agsu investigations revealed that metallurgy developed not only due to
traditional industry, but enriched in last middle ages like previous years.
Masters working in metallurgy applied many methods while producing this
or other product in last middle ages. Production and carving, simple forgery, steel
or iron welding, timbering, material incision, heweing, flattening, stamping and
other methods are broadly applied by Azerbaijani craftsmen.
Work in metallurgy starts with formation of metal. Blacksmiths launch
manufacture of the product with metal forgery as a rule. Forgery of iron in a heated
condition was preferred for forming the article. Cold forgery was rarely applied in
formation of small things.
In opinion of investigators, forge temperature of iron heated during hot
forgery was 9000, for steel 7750.
Chemical analyze of the metal product displayed during archaelogical
excavations carried out in Gabala and Shehergah (Kur-damir region) showed that
their content is multi-component. In other words, iron of clear content and
carbonized steel were used in preparation of those materials.
Analyze of findings show that, blacksmiths applied widely welding method
in working out the product. Welded parts of the iron are heated and forged by
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putting onto each other. The process is implemented un-till combination of parts.
Handles of knives, hooks and axes can be example for that.
One of methods applied by blacksmiths is thermal processing method. This
method was used more in preparation of arms and military wear (armoured clothes
and armour-piercing weapons). Hewing method was also applied in elaboration of
iron item. Cold metal is used in this stage. Hewing the product was realized
through various stones, as well as whetsone.
Blackmiths receiving orders from various fields of handiraft prepared
necessary tools, household and economy equipments. From this point, frequent
orders created ground for development and formation of different fields of
handicraft.
The following tools belonged to blacksmiths were displayed from the
excavation site.
An iron hammer is of small size, circular, sharp and board-like shape.
A pair of smith tongs displayed in 8th square of III excavation site is a
craftsmanship tool applied for the purpose of masters' holding cold iron, gather and
take off that from a hot furnace. Iron tongs are different for their shape.
Blacksmiths applied long handle tongs in taking a hot product out of the furnace
and its production.
A boring tool made of iron was used to open various-size holes over iron
articles and products. The tool of 8 and 27-centimeter capacity is used in hot and
cool forgery of product. Blow part of the tool is as a rule circular and active part is
of conoid shape. Let's recall that not only blacksmiths, but also jewellers, braziers
and farriers used this kind of tools.
Fretwork is one of the tools used by masters in metallurgy. They consist of
stalk and active part. Active parts are mainly of right-angle and triangular form.
Awl is one of the tools applied in home and craftsmanship. It is difficult to
imagine people occupied with hatter, cobbler and pack-saddle maker and other
handicraft branches without these tools. Only one awl without a handle was found
from Agsu excavations. Breadth of end and the site close to end is circular, but the
rest part is ribbon-like. Head part of this iron tool is broken. Its handle was de-
composed because of wooden origin. Its length is 6,5 centimeter. An awl like these
are known to us from other medieval monuments.
A great deal of knives, axes, hooks, kettles, spoons, scissors, scaper,
thimbles and other things were found from III and IV excavation sites.
Holders of most knives are narrow. Its wide sharp part becomes pointed
towards the end and turns thinner because of long-term use. Welding traces exist in
knobs of knives made through hot forgery method and wooden remnants in some
of them. According to ethnographic observations, small and medium size knives
are used in standards, large size knives are used primarily in hunting and
sometimes warfare.
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