Appendix 2-5: Rejected ecotox bibliography Excluded

These studies report that, in batch cultures of EAMa 01/58-Su strain, the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratios and sources are important considerations with respect to fungal biomass production, blastospore yield and secretion of insecticidal proteins against C. capitata adults. The data indicate that the type and concentration of N source in the medium influence the production of insecticidal protein and thus the toxicity of the CSPEs. The electrophoretic analysis suggests that the monomer of 11 kDa plays an important role in the insecticidal effect described. Concerning biomass production, no clear differences were found between media with different C and N sources and C: N ratios in total biomass production at day 7. Conversely, important differences were found among the media in terms of blastospore yields. CONCLUSIONS: By optimising the culture media, the insecticidal effect of the CSPE against C. capitata can be improved. In the CSPE from G(40):P(20) (40 g L(-1) glucose and 20 g L(-1) peptone in dH(2)O), the LC(50) and the LT(50) were 7 and 4.5 times lower than in the CSPE obtained from Adamek. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Number of Volumes: 7
ISI Document Delivery No.: 615IX ://CCC:000279129300006

496. Osman, Ka; Al-Humaid, a M; Al-Rehiayani, S M; Al-Redhaiman, K N, and Osman, KA. Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Marketed in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. 2010 Sep; 73, (6): 1433-1439.

Rec #: 6850
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: A total of 23 pesticides from different chemical groups in 160 different domestic vegetables collected from four major big supermarkets located in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residues were found in 89 of the 160 samples and 53 samples were above the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently found pesticides were carbaryl followed by biphenyl and then carbofuran. Cabbage was the most positive and violated MLRs (16 and 11 samples), followed by carrot and green pepper (12 and 7 samples), cucumber (12 and 6 samples), egg-plant (12 and 5 samples), squash (11 and 7 samples), lettuce (11 and 6 samples) and tomato (11 and 4 samples). The highest concentrations were found in lettuce (ethiofencarb, 7.648), followed by tomato (tolclofos-methyl, 7.312mg/kg), cabbage (chlropyrifos, 6.207mg/kg), carrot (heptanophos, 3.267mg/kg), green pepper (carbaryl, 2.228mg/kg) and egg-plant (carbaryl, 1.917mg/kg). These findings pointed to the following recommendation: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated under greenhouse conditions at the national level to protect consumers' health.
Keywords: Saudi Arabia
Keywords: Vegetables
Keywords: Carbofuran
Keywords: ENA 09:Land Use & Planning
Keywords: Pesticide residues
Keywords: Environmental Studies--Toxicology And Environmental Safety
Keywords: Mass spectrometry
Keywords: Carbaryl
Keywords: carbofuran
Keywords: Daucus
Keywords: tolclofos-methyl
Keywords: P 6000:TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Keywords: Brassica
Keywords: Mass spectroscopy
Keywords: Greenhouses
Keywords: Biphenyl
Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum
Keywords: Gas chromatography
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: greenhouses
Keywords: consumer protection
Keywords: Consumers
Keywords: X 24330:Agrochemicals
Keywords: Environment Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts English. Date revised - 2011-10-01. Last updated - 2011-12-08. DOI - OB-a70eb114-762f-4952-b289csaobj202; 13667585; 0147-6513. SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Biphenyl; Vegetables; Carbofuran; Gas chromatography; Pesticide residues; Pesticides; Carbaryl; Consumers; tolclofos-methyl; Mass spectroscopy; Greenhouses; greenhouses; Mass spectrometry; consumer protection; carbofuran; Lycopersicon esculentum; Daucus; Brassica; Saudi Arabia

497. Ostrea, E. M.; Reyes, A.; Villanueva-Uy, E.; Pacifico, R.; Benitez, B.; Ramos, E.; Bernardo, R. C. ; Bielawski, D. M.; Delaney-Black, V.; Chiodo, L.; Janisse, J. J., and Ager, J. W. Fetal exposure to propoxur and abnormal child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. 2012; 33, 669-675.

Rec #: 15120
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Objective: Our aim was to determine the effects of fetal exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids, on child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Patients and methods: Mothers were prospectively recruited during mid-pregnancy in Bulacan, Philippines where multiple pesticides including propoxur, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pretilachlor, bioallethrin, malathion, diazinon and transfluthrin are used. To detect prenatal exposure to these pesticides, maternal hair and blood, infant's hair, cord blood, and meconium were analyzed for the pesticides by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infants were examined at 2 years of age with 95.1% follow up rate and their neurodevelopment outcome was assessed by the Griffiths mental developmental scale (N = 754). Results: Meconium analysis was the most sensitive method to detect fetal exposure to pesticides and exposure was highest for propoxur (21.3%) and the grouped pyrethroids (2.5% - bioallethrin, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin). Path analysis modeling was performed to determine the effects of fetal exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids on the child's neurodevelopment at 24 months of age while controlling for confounders. Only singletons and those with complete data for the path analysis were included (N = 696). Using a path analysis model, there was a significant negative (beta = -0.14, p < 0.001) relationship between prenatal pesticide exposure to propoxur and motor development at 2 years of age after controlling for confounders, e.g., infant gender, socioeconomic status, maternal intelligence, home stimulation (HOME), postnatal exposure to propoxur and blood lead level at 2 years of age. Conclusion: At 2 years of age, prenatal exposure to propoxur was associated with poorer motor development in children. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Number of Volumes: 4
ISI Document Delivery No.: 990FU ://CCC:000307617200008

498. Ostrea Jr, Enrique M.; Reyes, Alexis; Villanueva-Uy, Esterlita; Pacifico, Rochelle; Benitez, Bernadette; Ramos, Essie; Bernardo, Rommel C.; Bielawski, Dawn M.; Delaney-Black, Virginia; Chiodo, Lisa; Janisse, James J., and Ager, Joel W. Fetal exposure to propoxur and abnormal child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age: Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration: Local Effect and Global Impact. 2012 Aug; 33, (4): 669-675.

Rec #: 2180
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Objective Propoxur/ Pesticides/ Pyrethroids/ Prenatal and postnatal pesticide exposure/ Child neurodevelopment/ Griffiths test/ Motor development http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X11002063

499. Pahwa, Manisha; Harris, Shelley a; Hohenadel, Karin; Mclaughlin, John R; Spinelli, John J; Pahwa, Punam; Dosman, James a, and Blair, Aaron. Pesticide Use, Immunologic Conditions, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Canadian Men in Six Provinces. 2012 Dec 1; 131, (11): 2650-2659.

Rec #: 5540
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Pesticide exposures and immune suppression have been independently associated with the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but their joint effect has not been well explored. Data from a case-control study of men from six Canadian provinces were used to evaluate the potential effect modification of asthma, allergies, or asthma and allergies and hay fever combined on NHL risk from use of: (i) any pesticide; (ii) any organochlorine insecticide; (iii) any organophosphate insecticide; (iv) any phenoxy herbicide; (v) selected individual pesticides [1,1'-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene]; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT), malathion, (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop, and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); and (vi) from the number of potentially carcinogenic pesticides. Incident NHL cases (n = 513) diagnosed between 1991 and 1994 were recruited from provincial cancer registries and hospitalization records and compared to 1,506 controls. A stratified analysis was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for age, province, proxy respondent, and diesel oil exposure. Subjects with asthma, allergies, or hay fever had non-significantly elevated risks of NHL associated with use of MCPA (OR = 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-7.93) compared to subjects without any of these conditions (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.39-1.70). Conversely, those with asthma, allergies, or hay fever who reported use of malathion had lower risks of NHL (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.69-2.26) versus subjects with none of these conditions (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.65-3.61). Similar effects were observed for asthma and allergies evaluated individually. Although there were some leads regarding effect modification by these immunologic conditions on the association between pesticide use and NHL, small numbers, measurement error and possible recall bias limit interpretation of these results. Copyright © 2012 UICC.
Keywords: Odds Ratio
Keywords: Gasoline
Keywords: Humans
Keywords: Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin -- immunology
Keywords: Risk Assessment
Keywords: Hypersensitivity -- complications
Keywords: Insecticides
Keywords: Herbicides -- poisoning
Keywords: Gasoline -- poisoning
Keywords: Environmental Exposure -- adverse effects
Keywords: Male
Keywords: Pesticides -- poisoning
Keywords: Index Medicus
Keywords: Herbicides
Keywords: Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin -- chemically induced
Keywords: Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal -- complications
Keywords: Asthma -- complications
Keywords: Hypersensitivity -- immunology
Keywords: Insecticides -- poisoning
Keywords: Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal -- immunology
Keywords: 0
Keywords: Canada
Keywords: Risk Factors
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: Case-Control Studies
Keywords: Occupational Exposure -- adverse effects
Keywords: Incidence
Keywords: Middle Aged
Keywords: Asthma -- immunology eng. Date completed - 2013-03-08. Date created - 2012-09-26. Date revised - 2013-03-11. Last updated - 2013-03-11. DOI - MEDL-22396152; 22396152; 1097-0215

500. Pan, X.; Du, H.; Yan, H., and Shao, H. [Research the Role of Gulonic Acid Lactone in the Five Kinds of Organic Phosphorus Pesticide Detection].

Rec #: 9640
Keywords: CHEM METHODS
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of gulonic acid lactone in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for detecting phorate, diazinon, dimethoate, methyl parathion, malathion five kinds of organic phosphorus pesticide.
ABSTRACT: METHODS: By comparing the peak area changes of organic phosphorus pesticide configured with different concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/ml) of the gulonic acid lactone-methanol solution, and the concentrations (500 ng/ml) of organic phosphorus pesticide are same, to determine the best dosage of gulonic acid lactone. In the concentration, evaluate the protective effect of gulonic acid lactone on five kinds of organic phosphorus pesticide testing.
ABSTRACT: RESULTS: When the concentration of gulonic acid lactone-methanol solution < 1 mg/ml, the selected ion peak area of the five kinds organophosphorus pesticides detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the same conditions increases with the upward trend of its concentration ; when the concentration is equal to 1 mg/ml, the peak area reached the highest level, and then with the concentrations increased, no significant change in it. Diazinon's sensitivity increased by 4 times, phorate's sensitivity increased by 5 times, dimethoate, methyl parathion and malathion's sensitivity increased by 10 times, and the peak shape improved distinctly, tailing phenomenon disappears.
ABSTRACT: CONCLUSION: Gulonic acid lactone can effectively improve the five kinds of organic phosphorus pesticide's sensitivity, improving the peak-type tailing and asymmetric phenomenon by the result of the active site. Quantitative bias can be effectively corrected caused by matrix effects. When the concentration is 1 mg/ml, it has the best effect of the compensation effect.
MESH HEADINGS: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
MESH HEADINGS: Gluconates/*diagnostic use
MESH HEADINGS: Lactones/*diagnostic use
MESH HEADINGS: Malathion/analysis
MESH HEADINGS: Methyl Parathion/analysis
MESH HEADINGS: Organophosphorus Compounds/*analysis
MESH HEADINGS: Pesticide Residues/*analysis
MESH HEADINGS: Phorate/analysis chi

501. Panuwet, Parinya; Prapamontol, Tippawan; Chantara, Somporn; Barr, Dana B, and Panuwet, Parinya. Urinary Pesticide Metabolites in School Students From Northern Thailand. 2009 May; 212, (3): 288-297.

Rec #: 4950
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: We evaluated exposure to pesticides among secondary school students aged 12-13 years old in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Pesticide-specific urinary metabolites were used as biomarkers of exposure for a variety of pesticides, including organophosphorus insecticides, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and selected herbicides. We employed a simple solid-phase extraction with analysis using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A total of 207 urine samples from Thai students were analyzed for 18 specific pesticide metabolites. We found 14 metabolites in the urine samples tested; seven of them were detected with a frequency17%. The most frequently detected metabolites were 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl) sulfanyl] succinic acid (malathion dicarboxylic acid), para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TPCY; metabolite of chlorpyrifos), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids (c-DCCA and t-DCCA; metabolite of permethrin) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA; metabolite of pyrethroids). The students were classified into 4 groups according to their parental occupations: farmers (N=60), merchants and traders (N=39), government and company employees (N=52), and laborers (N=56). Children of farmers had significantly higher urinary concentrations of pyrethroid insecticide metabolites than did other children (p<0.05). Similarly, children of agricultural families had significantly higher pyrethroid metabolite concentrations. Males had significantly higher values of PNP (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.009); however, no other sex-related differences were observed. Because parental occupation and agricultural activities seemed to have little influence on pesticide levels, dietary sources were the likely contributors to the metabolite levels observed.
Keywords: High-performance liquid chromatography
Keywords: 2,4-D
Keywords: Toxicology Abstracts; Pollution Abstracts; Health & Safety Science Abstracts
Keywords: Isotopes
Keywords: Thailand
Keywords: permethrin
Keywords: Mass spectrometry
Keywords: Metabolites
Keywords: Sex differences
Keywords: P 6000:TOXICOLOGY AND HEALTH
Keywords: Mass spectroscopy
Keywords: Malathion
Keywords: Insecticides
Keywords: schools
Keywords: H 5000:Pesticides
Keywords: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Keywords: Pyrethroids
Keywords: X 24330:Agrochemicals
Keywords: Diets
Keywords: Bioindicators
Keywords: Organophosphorus compounds
Keywords: Permethrin
Keywords: Herbicides
Keywords: Children
Keywords: biomarkers
Keywords: Chlorpyrifos
Keywords: Schools
Keywords: Urine
Keywords: Liquid chromatography
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: Succinic acid English. Date revised - 2009-05-01. Last updated - 2012-03-29. DOI - MD-0009524984; 9200047; 1438-4639. SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - 2,4-D; High-performance liquid chromatography; Isotopes; Permethrin; Herbicides; Metabolites; Children; Sex differences; biomarkers; Mass spectroscopy; Malathion; Chlorpyrifos; Insecticides; Urine; Pesticides; Pyrethroids; Succinic acid; Bioindicators; Diets; Organophosphorus compounds; permethrin; Mass spectrometry; Schools; schools; Liquid chromatography; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Thailand

502. Panuwet, Parinya; Prapamontol, Tippawan; Chantara, Somporn; Thavornyuthikarn, Prasak; Montesano, M. Angela; Whitehead, Ralph D., and Barr, Dana B. Concentrations of urinary pesticide metabolites in small-scale farmers in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. 2008; 407, 655-668.

Rec #: 11150
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Our research goal was to assess exposure to currently used pesticides among small-scale male farmers residing in two topographically different areas in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Farmers (N =136) were recruited from Pong Yaeng subdistrict (N =67) and Inthakhin subdistrict (N =69). Each farmer provided a morning urine void for the analysis of 30 urinary metabolites of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Farmers in Pong Yaeng had significantly higher urinary concentrations of metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides and ethylene bisdithiocarbamates, while farmers from Inthakhin had significantly higher concentrations of malathion, 2,4-D, alachlor, and parathion or EPN metabolites. Based upon the metabolites measured in the urine of the farmers, chlorpyrifos and pyrethroid insecticides seemed to be commonly used across both communities; no significant differences in metabolite concentrations of these insecticides were observed between the two farmer groups. The presence of methamidaphos in the urine of farmers suggests that, despite a ban on its use, methamidaphos continues to be used in the communities. A similar finding with metabolites of methyl parathion must be further investigated. Overall, our results suggest that while each community may use different pesticides, Thai farmers are exposed to a wide variety of pesticides with a broad range in exposure magnitude. Furthermore, age, field size, crop production type, and the use of protective equipment were found to be potential factors influencing the degree of exposure.
Keywords: Internet resource
Number of Volumes: 1
[Amsterdam; New York]: Elsevier Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.044

503. Papoutsis, Ioannis; Mendonis, Marcela; Nikolaou, Panagiota; Athanaselis, Sotirios; Pistos, Constantinos; Maravelias, Constantinos, and Spiliopoulou, Chara. Development and Validation of a Simple Gc-Ms Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 11 Anticholinesterase Pesticides in Blood--Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Applications. 2012 May; 57, (3): 806-812.

Rec #: 5800
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Anticholinesterase pesticides are widely used, and as a result they are involved in numerous acute and even fatal poisonings. The aim of this study was the development, optimization, and validation of a simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of 11 anticholinesterase pesticides (aldicarb, azinphos methyl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dialifos, diazinon, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methomyl, and terbufos) in blood. Only 500 μL of blood was used, and the recoveries after liquid-liquid extraction (toluene/chloroform, 4:1, v/v) were more than 65.6%. The calibration curves were linear (R(2) ≥ 0.996). Limit of detections and limit of quantifications were found to be between 1.00-10.0 and 3.00-30.0 μg/L, respectively. Accuracy expressed as the %E(r) was found to be between -11.0 and 7.8%. Precision expressed as the percent relative standard deviation was found to be <9.4%. The developed method can be applied for the investigation of both forensic and clinical cases of accidental or suicidal poisoning with these pesticides. © 2011 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.
Keywords: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- methods
Keywords: Humans
Keywords: Index Medicus
Keywords: Solvents
Keywords: Cholinesterase Inhibitors -- blood
Keywords: Forensic Toxicology -- methods
Keywords: Child, Preschool
Keywords: Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Keywords: 0
Keywords: Pesticides
Keywords: Adult
Keywords: Middle Aged
Keywords: Limit of Detection
Keywords: Male
Keywords: Pesticides -- blood eng. Date completed - 2012-08-13. Date created - 2012-04-20. Date revised - 2012-12-20. Last updated - 2013-01-19. DOI - MEDL-22221006; 22221006; 1556-4029

504. Pareja, L.; Colazzo, M.; Perez-Parada, A.; Besil, N.; Heinzen, H.; Bocking, B.; Cesio, V., and Fernandez-Alba, A. R. Occurrence and Distribution Study of Residues from Pesticides Applied under Controlled Conditions in the Field during Rice Processing. 2012; 60, 4440-4448.

Rec #: 15240
Keywords: FATE
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: The results of an experiment to study the occurrence and distribution of pesticide residues during rice cropping and processing are reported. Four herbicides, nine fungicides, and two insecticides (azoxystrobin, byspiribac-sodium, carbendazim, clomazone, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, isoprothiolane, kresoxim-methyl, propanil, quinclorac, tebuconazole, thiamethoxam, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, lambda-cyhalotrin) were applied to an isolated rice-crop plot under controlled conditions, during the 2009-2010 cropping season in Uruguay. Paddy rice was harvested and industrially processed to brown rice, white rice, and rice bran, which were analyzed for pesticide residues using the original QuEChERS methodology and its citrate variation by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. The distribution of pesticide residues was uneven among the different matrices. Ten different pesticide residues were found in paddy rice, seven in brown rice, and eight in rice bran. The highest concentrations were detected in paddy rice. These results provide information regarding the fate of pesticides in the rice food chain and its safety for consumers.
Number of Volumes: 18
ISI Document Delivery No.: 937XB ://CCC:000303696000004

505. Park, M-J; In, S-W; Lee, S-K; Choi, W-K; Park, Y-S; Chung, H-S, and Park, M-J. Postmortem Blood Concentrations of Organophosphorus Pesticides. 2009 Jan 30; 184, (1-3): 28-31.

Rec #: 5200
Keywords: HUMAN HEALTH
Notes: Chemical of Concern: MLN
Abstract: Abstract: Cases involving acute fatalities due to ingestion of organophosphorus pestiddes (OPs), such as chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and parathion, are presented. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for the analysis of OPs in postmortem blood. After extraction with an Oasis HLB cartridge, the eluent was evaporated to dryness under a nitrogen stream at 35 degree C, reconstituted with ethanol, and then analyzed by GC/MS. Terbufos was used as an internal standard. Verification procedures, such as the limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity of the calibration, precision and recovery were performed. Validation data were adequate for analyzing OPs in blood. Chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and parathion were detected in 31 postmortem blood samples. Parathion was the most frequently detected compound among the four pesticides. The mean concentrations of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and parathion were 0.72, 1.03, 0.82 and 2.90 mg/L, respectively.
Keywords: Pesticides (organophosphorus)
Keywords: Data processing
Keywords: Streams
Keywords: Mass spectroscopy
Keywords: Malathion
Keywords: Chlorpyrifos
Keywords: Gas chromatography