Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Conservation Strategy 2012–2022
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Figure 5. Results of a preliminary assessment of future bonobo survey priorities. ‘High priorities’ (yellow areas) were selected by two or more respondents, ‘priorities’ (blue areas) by only one respondent (see Box 1 and Table 2) 17 Table 2. Bonobo survey priority sites (preliminary) No Name Long Lat Size (km²) Mean response (%) Criteria 1 Maringa-Lopori-Wamba north 22.372 1.541
12831.93 28.0
• Large area • High suitability from model prediction • Adjacent to Lomako 2 Maringa-Lopori-Wamba southwest 20.695
0.369 2639.70
26.6 • Anecdotal evidence of bonobo presence from hunters and confiscated orphans • High suitability from model prediction 3 Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Lac- Télé-Lac Tumba 19.368
0.652 18595.57
21.2 • Area poorly known • Large area • Intact forest • Confirmed bonobo presence; needs population size estimates • High suitability from model prediction • Anecdotal evidence of bonobo presence from hunters and confiscated orphans 4 Maringa-Lopori-Wamba southeast 23.168
-0.189 11936.71
20.8 • Area adjacent to Kokolopori • High suitability from model prediction 5 Lac Mai-Ndombe-Salonga 18.908 -2.520
16890.25 20.4
• Previously and historically confirmed bonobo presence in parts of area • Potential link to western populations • Large area • Intact forest • High suitability from model prediction 6 Salonga northwest 19.786 -1.181
4958.70 20.2
• Large area • Intact forest • Area unknown • High suitability from model prediction 7 Tshuapa-Lomami north 24.897 -0.225
4785.72 19.2
• Adjacent to TL2 • Unsampled • High suitability from model prediction 8 Salonga NP north 21.514 -1.074
761.45 17.5
• Large area • Intact forest • Neighbouring Salonga NP population • Unknown area • Potential corridor 9 Sankuru north 23.634 -1.438
11212.22 17.4
• Large area • Intact forest • Wamba to the North • Salonga NP Lomela to the West • Possible links between Salonga and TL2 • Area unknown 10 Lac Tumba-Lédira south 16.824 -2.464
4936.30 16.9
• Large forest block • Includes vast logging concession (SIFORCO) where baseline data needed • Assessment of suitability of savanna-forest mosaic as bonobo habitat • Confirmed bonobo presence; needs population size estimates 11 Lac Mai-Ndombe north 18.147 -1.390
4553.31 16.2
• Confirmed bonobo presence; needs population size estimates 12 Salonga NP southeast 22.318 -2.618
1444.69 14.8
• Adjacent to Salonga NP 13 Southern range limit Sankuru Lukenie River 19.522
-3.658 9097.86
9.0 • Recently confirmed bonobo presence outside of known IUCN range • Distribution of bonobos poorly known • Large area • Genetic diversity • Potential differences in bonobo ecology 14 Southern range limit 22.384 -3.843
24113.79 8.1
• Large area • Sampling extremes of bonobo range • Potentially new habitats • Genetic diversity • Potential differences in bonobo ecology
18 4. Strategic Action For Bonobo Conservation 4.1 Threat Analysis Evaluation of the current status of bonobos highlighted the major direct threats to their populations and served as a starting point for elaboration of the conservation strategy. Workshop participants carried out an in-depth analysis of threats, distinguishing between direct threats and underlying factors (indirect threats). 4.1.1 Direct Threats These are factors that can directly cause the reduction or loss of bonobos. Three direct threats were identified: 1. poaching, the most serious threat to bonobos across their range 2. habitat loss, both in terms of habitat destruction and fragmentation 3. disease transmission, a potential future concern 4.1.1.1 Poaching Despite being a fully-protected species under DRC law, bonobos are killed, traded and con- sumed in many parts of their range. Poaching has particularly negative consequences for bonobo population dynamics because bonobos have a very long interbirth interval (average 4.5 years at Wamba, 8.0 years at Lomako, Wich et al. 2004), and females do not produce their first infant before 13–15 years old. Thus, it takes many years for a population that has been hunted to recover. Added to this is the fact that the death of an adult female usually results in the death of its dependent infant. The latter is either killed at the same time as its mother or captured alive for sale as a pet. The most common tools of hunting are snares (generally wire and, increasingly, nylon nooses) and guns (especially shotguns), but automatic rifles, locally fabricated guns and poison arrows are also used (Hart et al. 2008). Bonobos moving on the ground are vulnerable to snares. Snaring is particularly destructive for wildlife as it is not selective and animals that manage to escape may be mutilated for life or die from infection. Poaching of bonobos is often linked to broad-scale commercial hunting to supply urban bushmeat markets, one of the principal threats to wildlife throughout central Africa (Nasi et al. 2008; Wilkie et al. 2011). Virtually every vertebrate species is taken and vast areas of central African forest have Poaching for bushmeat trade is the greatest threat to wildlife in DRC. Hunters carrying bush- meat out the forest after it has been preserved by smoking
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