Contact Linguistics. Chap

Types Processes involved Examples

3. 
   LOANWORDS
   

1. “Pure” loanwords Total morphemic importation of rendezvous

single or compound words. chinchibiri
Varying degrees of phonemic
substitution²
Possible semantic change. Dutch corner

2. Loanblends³ Combination of native and imported

morphemes

2a. Derivational blend Imported stem + native affix PaG. bassig

E. boss + G. -ig
Native stem + imported affix Jap. ichigo-edo
“strawberry” + -ade
2b. Compound blend Imported stem + native stem PaG. blaumepie
“plum” + pie.

3. 
   LOANSHIFTS (Loan Meanings)
   

1 “Extensions” Shifts in the semantics of a native word

(semantic loans) under influence from a foreign word.

a. Phonological resemblance Am. P humoroso

“humorous”

b Partial semantic resemblance Am. P. frio “cold

infection”

2. Loan translations Combination of native morphemes in Germ. Wolkenkratzer

(calques) imitation of foreign pattern cf. Eng. skyscraper.
II NATIVE CREATIONS.

A. Purely native. Innovative use of native words Pima “wrinkled buttocks”

creations to express foreign concepts for “elephant”

B. Hybrid creations Blends of native and foreign e.g. Yaqui líos-nóoka

morphemes to express foreign “pray”
concepts

C. Creations using only Combinations of foreign Jap. wan-man-ka

foreign morphemes morphemes for new concepts.

Many of the lexical phenomena included in Table 3 are not direct results of the process of borrowing itself, but rather due to additional processes applied to borrowed items. Most “loan blends”, for instance, arise when native (rl) derivational processes are applied to previously imported words, e.g., PaG bassig. Others may result from applying a foreign derivational process to a native item, e.g., Japanese ichigo-edo. Loanblends of the first type are really due to the more general process of integrating loan items into the morphology of the recipient language.⁴

In the process of morphological adaptation, loanwords can be subjected to various other processes, such as clipping. This can affect single words, e.g, Japanese baito “part-time job” < German Arbeit, as well as imported compounds, e.g., Japanese wa-pro < wo[rd] pro[cessor]. As Loveday (1996:79) notes, these processes help to simplify the pronunciation of the loans and facilitate their integration.
Creative word formation involving imported items is another interesting by-product of lexical borrowing, which Haugen includes in his category of “native creations”. New compounds may be built entirely out of native materials to express new concepts, for example Pima “wrinkled buttocks”. As we saw earlier, some of these “native creations” may also be blends of foreign and native words, like Yaqui líos-nooka “pray.” But we also find new compounds being created entirely out of foreign materials. Examples include Japanese wan-man-ka, gaadoman “guard” < guard + man, and, most interestingly, sukinshippu “intimate, physical closeness” < Eng. skin + -ship. All of these are innovations based on native patterns, or creative extensions of a foreign pattern, which have no counterparts in the source language. We therefore need to distinguish the process of lexical borrowing from other processes that may apply to imported items. Moreover, we should distinguish all such processes (borrowing, adaptation, integration) from the products they create.