Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
42
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Standards for inspecting meat and whole prey items are available in the
USDA Manual of Standard
Operating Procedures for Handling Frozen/Thawed Meat and Prey Items Fed to Captive Exotic Animals
(Crissey
et al., 2001). Food items from non-domestic stock should be frozen prior to being used as food
to kill any pathogens that might be present. Meat-based diets should not be
allowed to warm to room
temperatures or above for extended periods of time because this may result in the growth of harmful
bacterial organisms.
Whole Prey: Whole prey is an intact animal with entrails and fur (or feathers) typically chicks, quail,
rabbits, rats and mice. Whole prey is also recommended to ensure proper dental health. The hide/fur,
cartilage, gut and gut contents are closer to the natural diet of jaguars than hard bones and may therefore
be more appropriate for abrasion. Additionally, the fiber-type qualities of indigestible prey parts including
raw bones, tendons, cartilage, skin, hair, feathers, or “animal fiber” act as either soluble or insoluble fiber
(Depauw
et al., 2012). Fermentation of these items in the colon has been suggested to be beneficial to
gastrointestinal health of cheetahs based on changes in fermentation end products and inflammation
markers compared to an all meat chunk diet (Depauw, 2013), and it would be
expected to benefit jaguars
as well. In addition to the beneficial effects of animal fiber on fermentation, animal fiber also provides gut
fill. Similar to the plant fibers discussed above, a combination of animal fibers may be the most
appropriate. Whole prey fed to jaguars includes rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats.
The diet of wild jaguars is made up of whole carcasses. Providing humanely-killed animals to jaguars
according to practices outlined below can promote a wide range of species-appropriate hunting, food
manipulation, and feeding behaviors. Whole animals (e.g., rats, mice), gutted carcasses (e.g., chickens,
rabbits), or carcass fragments (e.g., shanks of sheep or calf) can be provided. Many felids will perform all
or part of their species-appropriate ‘stalk-rush-kill’ behavioral sequence when presented with carcasses
(Law, 2009). Carcass feeding may promote physical health (e.g., improved dental hygiene) as well as
psychological well-being. Institutions choosing to feed carcass should be aware of potential hazards that
may exist including the presence
of pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, toxic organic compounds, and
pathogenic bacteria
(Harrison
et al., 2006). The origin and the history of the carcass should be known,
and institutions should follow USDA policy #25 (USDA, 1998). This policy specifies feeding the carcass
as soon as possible or processing it into smaller pieces and freezing it, avoiding the carcasses of sick
animals, removing lead shot from the carcasses of animals euthanized by gunshot, and avoiding the
carcasses of animals with signs of central nervous system disease or at risk of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies, including animals with scrapie, chronic wasting disease, and Johne’s disease. Feeding
jaguars roadkill is not recommended due to
possible transfer of parasites, disease, and high microbial
loads. The USDA highly discourages this practice (United States Department of Agriculture, 1998). The
AZA Nutrition Advisory Group only condones carcass feeding as part of a feeding program that assures
the diet of the animal is nutritionally balanced and free of pathogens.
Enrichment Foods: To promote species-appropriate hunting and feeding behaviors, jaguars can be
offered edible items in a way that requires the cats to work for the food. Obesity, lethargy, and self-trauma
could all indicate boredom and a lack of species-specific hunting opportunities for jaguars. Providing
enrichment opportunities on a randomized schedule will help to prevent the development of stereotypic
behaviors and ensure that the animals do not become desensitized to the
presence of the enrichment
initiatives. Food items can be hidden throughout the exhibit or in specially constructed PVC tubes.
Institutional enrichment coordinators can be contacted for suggestions on how to make these items.
Enrichment liaisons are also available through AAZK and AZA. Bags containing food can be hung in trees
or from ropes. Jaguars will catch live fish when placed in the water features. The inclusion of whole prey
and bones can facilitate natural feeding behaviors as well as facilitate good dental health. The institutional
nutritionist or veterinarian should be consulted prior to introducing any food item for enrichment.
Enrichment foods consumed by jaguars should be considered a part of the diet. All dietary
enrichment should go through an institutional approval process including review by nutritionists and
veterinarians. All new dietary items should be monitored closely when they are first provided. Ice should
be used with caution because several cases of tooth damage in domestic and exotic carnivores treated
by zoo dentists have been reported (Briggs & Scheels, 2005). Table 10 provides examples of enrichment
items fed to managed jaguars.
Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
43
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Table 10. Enrichment food items fed to jaguars (Law, 2009).
Fish
Meat
Bones & other
Live
tilapia
Fetal calf
Venison
Tuna
Chunk horse meat
Horse
Herring
Rabbit
Cattle
Frozen salmon
Quail
Beef tail
Live goldfish
Frozen steaks
Pork neck
Trout
Frozen lamb
Horse shank
Minnows
Mice
Horse knuckle
Live red shiners
Meatballs
Mutton
Smelt
Cooked chicken (boneless chunks)
Cow leg
Fish
ice block
Chicken necks, gizzards, hearts, & livers
Blood ice block
Venison (ground or whole)
Gelatin made with blood
Raw beef
Boiled eggs
Pork hock
Fruit and vegetables
Sample Diets: Those institutions supplying detailed diet information fed diets based on
commercially
available nutritionally complete meat mixes using beef or horse (Table 11). Though carcass was not fed
in the below diets, many large cats are offered carcass. One institution offered deer legs with fur.
Table 11. Ingredient composition as a percent of the total diet (as fed) of 6 diets offered at 4 institutions to jaguars
Ingredient
Average
Range
Meat mix
1
62%
22-96%
Whole prey
2
20%
4-45%
Bones
3
13%
0-25%
Chunk meat
4
Supplements
5
5%
0.03%
0-20%
0-0.2%
1
Meat mixes: Nebraska Premium and Classic Feline diets, Nebraska
Premium Beef Feline, Central Nebraska Packing, Inc. North
Platte, NE; Milliken Small Carnivore Diet, Milliken Meat Products, Ltd., Markham, Ontario, Canada
2
Whole prey: rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, trout, chicks
3
Bones: Horse or beef femur or knuckle bones, ox tails
4
Chunk meat: horse muscle meat, beef liver
5
Supplements: Omega Tri-V Liquid Omega EFA and Vitamin Supplement, Henry Schein, Dublin OH