Dear Reader: This is a crude draft as of August 15, 2018. The three asterisks or the bold

 ***Some citation here to Voltaire/Congreve meeting.

293 See the doubts concerning “failure” expressed in McCloskey 1973 and Edgerton 1996.

294 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPINT/Resources/ICP_final-results.pdf

295 As has been argued in detail by David Edgerton 1996 and 2005. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPINT/Resources/ICP_final-results.pdf

296 Kennedy 1976 (2006), p. 59, which is the source for the popular verse quoted as well.

297 Sprat 1667, p. 88.

298 Dryden 1672, Act II, scene i, ll. 391-393 (The Works of John Dryden, vol. XII, ed. Vinton A. Dearing ; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). Cf. Jojakim Adriaan Van der Welle, Dryden and Holland, Groningen, 1962, p. 140.  I am indebted for the Dryden scholarship here to Kevin Vanden Daelen.

299 quoted in Lipson, Hist., p. 118.

300 For a fuller discussion of “honest” in the play see McCloskey 2006, pp. 294-295; and Empson 1951 (1989), p. 218.

301 Shaftesbury, Characteristics¸1713, vol. 4, p. 4.

302 http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/22/49/frameset.html

303 Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments 1759, III.3.6. The passage is reproduced in subsequent editions.

304 http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/novlsrch.html

305 The Italian text is available at www.classicitaliani.it.

306 Machiavelli 1513, M. Musa trans., IX, paragraph 2 (El principato), pp. 76, 7); XIX, para. 6 (Da queste), pp. 160, 161; XXI, 5 (E sempre interverrà), pp. 188, 189.

307 As Samuel Johnson noted in Johnson (1750), p. 71.

308 Huppert 1999, pp. 99-102.

309 Stendhal 1830, p. 44 (Maintenant, monsieur, car d'après mes ordres tout le monde ici va vous appeler monsieur); p. 47 (Cette scène valut à Julien le titre de monsieur; les domestiques eux-mêmes n'osèrent pas le lui refuser).

310 Il Nuovo Zingarelli 1987, art. onesto, p. 1275.

311 Pleij 1994, p. 64.

312 Oxford English Dictionary [1928], “honest,” sense 3c.

313 Mandeville 1714 edition, line 409-410; “honest” in various forms occurs at lines 118, 225, 233, 257, 295, 334, as the silly virtue of a hive of bees who are neither prosperous in economy nor great in power.

314 I wonder if the following is actually true; continue trying to get scholarly Slavic speakers to set me straight on it: The Slavic languages in modern times, like Spanish, appear not to have separated the two meanings as sharply. In Czech, for example, čestný means both “honorable” and “honest,” as does the Polish Latin-imported honorowy, meaning both noble and truth-telling. On the other hand the non-imported Polish word for "noble" is czcigodny, cognate from the same root cześć with the Czech word, and uczciwy note the u- is now "that will not cheat.”

315 Bybelgenootskap van Suid-Afrika, Die Nuwe Testament en Psalms. Capetown: CTP Boekdrukkers, 1983

316 For all this see the astonishing website The Unbound Bible, http://unbound.biola.edu/index.cfm?method=searchResults.doSearch

317 Elias 1939 (1966/2000), p. 88.

318 Rye p. 7, quoted in Paxman, p. 35.

319 Paxman, p. 63.

320 Cite Israel.

321 As J. Paul Hunter 1990 argues.

322 Coetzee 1999 in 2001 (2002), p. 24.

323 Hippolyte Taine DDDD (Hist Engl Lit), quoted in Coetzee 1999 (2002 [2002], p. 25.

324 Coetzee 1994 in 2001 (2002), p. 227.

325 Langford DDDD, pp. 5, 61, 105.

326 Langford, pp. 5, 30, 107. Recheck quotations and make sure I’ve not accidentally appropriated his phrases!

327 Willey, pp. 221, 223, 228.

328 Sturkenboom 2004.

329 See the discussion in McCloskey 2006, pp. 121-122.

330 Lawrence and Lawrence, DDDD, p. 192.

331 Steele 1723, Act IV, sc. 2, as also the next quotation.

332 McBurney 1965, pp. xi-xiii, for the information in the paragraph.

333 Nettleton, Case, and Stone 1939 (1969), p. 595.

334 Act, scene, and page references are to the Modern Library edition, edited by Quintana

335 1731 [1952], p. 294.

336 Cumberland 1771, Act I, scene I, ll. 3-5, Nettleton, Case, and Stone, p. 715.

337 Lillo 1731, “Prologue” and prose preface.

338 Quote in Nettleton, Case, and Stone 1939 (1969), p. 596.

339 art. “Stevinus,” Encyl. Brit., eleventh ed., 1910-11 Find out more about Stevinus

340 Temple, IV, p. 87.

341

342 Nye 2006, a page or two after last Get pages to correspond with published book

343 Nye 2006, next page.

344 Nye 2006, p. [get cite from final volume], “the Portugal trade furnishes us with some dying Commodities” Spelling and punctuation modernized.

345 If you are highly educated in such methods, and therefore find my claims crazy, or hard to believe, or simply stupid, you need to stop and read and think. “My” claims have been made by a long series of statistical theorists from the very inventor of the phrase “statistical significance” down to the present. See Ziliak and McCloskey 2008; McCloskey and Ziliak 2007.

346 Auden, “New Year Letter January 1, 1940," Part Three, p. 185.

347 The full case is made is McCloskey 1990.

348 Kenny 2008, p. 36.

349 Though Engen (2006) makes a plausible case that in World War I the “cold-steel” doctrine of bayonet charges was a reasonable way to inspirit men to rush fiercely across a fire-swept no-man’s land, rather than pointlessly to stop and aim and shoot.

350 Field **date).

351 Burke 1774, p. 56.

352 Penelope Hughes-Hallett, ed., The Illustrated Letters of Jane Austen NY: Clarkson Potter, 1991, p. 118.

353 Davidoff and Hall 1987, p. 30.

354 Cite Michael. FML Thompson, ***check his book on bourgeois values among gentry and A

355 Ellis 2005, p. 416.

356 Butler 1975, p. 298, quoted in Abigail Williams 2006, p. 56.

357 Ellis 2005, p. 416.

358 Ellis 2005, p. 417.

359 As Jason Douglas pointed out to me.

360 As Chris Findeisen pointed out to me.

361 Cf. Thompson 1990.

362 In her juvenile novel “Edgar and Emma,” quoted in Copeland 2005, p. 319. I can’t Resist including the Significant Capitalization.

363 Earle 1989, p, 73.

364 Oxford Illustrated ed., p. 376.

365 Pride and Prejudice, p.

366 Michie 2000.

367 Wheller 2005, p. 409, in Mansfield Park. The OED remarks on “priest,” however, that “in the nineteenth century more prominent in English regional (Northern) use,” and became later “associated with High Church and Anglo-Catholic circles.”

368 #108, 18 Nov 1814 in R.W. Chapman, ed., Jane Austen: Selected Letters Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955, 1985, p. 174.

369 Wheeler 2005, p. 412.

370 Copeland 1997, 2005.

371 McDonagh, Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, p. 44.

372 Chapman, ed., p. 175f.

373 Butler 1985, introduction to reissue of Chapman, ed., Jane Austen: Selected Letters, p. xxvi

374 Cite Waterman.

375 Ellis 2005, p. 423. He applies it to the slave trade, and implies that Austen took the slave trade as a synecdoche for bourgeois life. Since the people who, as Ellis notes, “have some recent losses” on their West Indian estates are the Bertrams of Mansfield Park, the epitome of the gentry, Ellis’ figure does not seem to figure.

376 Letters, quoted in

377 I promise again that Bourgeois Rhetoric, the next volume of The Bourgeois Era, will offer more evidence.

378 Andrew 1980, p. 429, n97. She is not literally correct, since the first quotation in the OED is in fact 1745. But as Dror Wahrman (DDDD) argues it was not until the Napoleonic Wars that the middle class was differentiated much from the lower and common people, especially in its self-image. The early quotations in the OED entry therefore speak of “people of the middle or inferior classes” (1756). For the very word “class” the OED notes that “higher and lower orders were formerly used” (italics supplied), until around 1800, when “orders” in this sense appears to die out except in consciously ironic uses.

379 Davidoff and Hall 1987, p. 152.

380 Davidoff and Hall 1987, p. 450.

381 Andrew 1980, p. 432.

382 Berry 1992, p. 84.

383 Ancient Law, London 1861, p. 307: check exact page in my copy; quoted in Searle 1998, p. 99.

384 Miller, 1957, p. 170.

385 Temple, Iv, p. 83.

386 Hirschman 1977, p. 58.

387 Mann, p. 200.

388 pp. 42, 380, 209, 320, 144, 370, 34, 400,

389 pp. 124, 57, 215,

390 p. 243.

391 p. 215.

392 “An Essay on the Theatre,” quoted in Duthie 1979, p. xviii.

393 Lazonick cite***; Marglin, “What Do Bosses Do?”***

394 Carlyle 1843 (Book III, Chap. Ii), p. 147.

395 Sellers in Stokes and Conway 1996, p. ***Got to FIND

396 Cite ***; admittedly the word “liberal” didn’t mean to him quite what it means to me.

397 Walzer 2008, p. 20.

398 For which see McCloskey 2006.

399 Walzer 2008, p. 22.

400 Sellers 1991, p. 6.

401 Paton 1948, p. 34.

402 Cite*** Elizabeth Anscombe, and mention other women.

403 McCloskey 2008d; and see Bourgeois Speech Acts forthcoming.

404 Fielding 1752, p. 65.

405 Cite*** Smith on Rhetoric and Belles; and Priestley?

406 See John Kirby’s illuminating essay on the matter (Kirby 1990). Laura McCloskey and Michael P. Johnson have stressed the difference between harsh words and harsh actions in the study of family violence (McCloskey DDDD***; Johnson 1999).

407 On Galileo’s rhetoric, if you doubt the application of the word, see Feyerabend DDDD*** and Finochiarro DDDD***.

408 Smith, 1762-3 (1978/1982), p. 352. 

409 Booth 1974, pp. xiii, xiv, 59.

410 Manin 1985 (1987), p. 363. Booth and Manin both acknowledged the influence of the Belgian law professor and rhetorician Chaim Perelman (1912-1984), and Booth that of the American literary critic Kenneth Burke (1897-1993) and the American professor of philosophy Richard McKeon.

411 Taylor 2005, p. 115.

412 Hayek 1960, pp. 25, 27.

413 Mill 1848, Book IV, Chapter VI, para. 1.

414 Edgerton 2007, p. 41.

415 You may find persuasion on persuasion in the books of McCloskey 1984 (1998), 1990, 1994. If you are truly eager you can adjourn to deirdremccloskey.org and call up numerous persuasive articles arguing in much more detail for the views on rhetoric sketched here.

416 Cite George.

417 About the dramatic fall in the cost of printing see Zanden 2004a.

418 Moore 2000, p.3.

419 Taylor 1989, pp. 20, 13 and throughout; McCloskey 2006, Chps. 10-13, esp. p. 151.

420 Taylor 1989, p. 23.

421 December 15, 1799, referring to the Constitution of December 13th, at http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/ Constitution_du_13_décembre_1799 #Proclamation_des_Consuls_de_la_R.C3.A9publique.

422 May 4, 1802, in the Council of State (quoted in Furet 1988 [1992], p. 220). I owe my knowledge of the quotation to Clifford Deaton.

423 Burke 1790, p. 87.

424 Jack 1957, p. 221.

425 Hirschman 1970.

426 Lal 1998; summarized in Lal 2006, pp. 5, 155.

427 Pomerantz DDDD***, ***and others.

428 Taylor 1989, p. 23.

429 Lessnoff 2003, p. 361.

430 See for the analysis Watt 1957, p. 209.

431 Quoted by Huppert (1999), p. 101.

432 Taylor, “A Sermon Preached,” quoted in McKeon 1987 (2002), p. 203.

433 Appleby *** find and cit pages

434 Milton 1634, ll. 710-711, 715, 737-741.

435 Morrill 2001, p. 380. The source is an acquaintance of King Charles, Bishop Gilbert Burnet, in the form “God would not damn a man for a little irregular pleasure” (Burnet, A History of His Own Times. Ed. of 1850, p. 236).

436 On the Spaniards, Schumpter 195DD, pp. ; on the Italians, Bellamy 1987; on the French, Melon, Essai politique sur le commerce, 1734, *** q.v., cited in Bellamy 1987, p. 279.

437 Greeley, The Catholic Imagination, 2000, p. 7; and Chp. Two, “Sacred Desire.”

438 Second Vatican Council, “Decree Concerning the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church,” Rome, October 28, 1965, quoted in United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Readings on Catholics in Political Life (Washington, DC: 2006), p. x.

439 In agro dominico, translated from Meister Eckehart Deutsche Predigten und Traktate, Diogenes Verlag AG Zürich, 1979, p. 449 ff. At geocities.com/hugovanwoerkom/bullxxii_0.html.

440 Jacob Newtonians, p. 51 ***Get and cite

441 Goldstone 2002, citing Jacob 1988, p.112 and following.

442 Waterman 2004, Chp. 3; and Waterman 2008.

443 Book of Common Prayer 1662 (1999), p. 539.

444 Personal correspondence in September and October 2008 with Margaret Jacob, who is writing a book treating coal and innovation in the eighteenth century.

445 DeVries cite ***

446 Goldstone 1991.

447 Lakoff 2008, ***and earlier political book. For present uses the neurological hypothesis is for historical purposes literally untestable, because we can’t as Lakoff and his associates do scan the relevant brains. Close reading is the humanistic version of brain scanning.

448 Hall and ***NNN***N***, DDDD***, p. DO THEM FOR LAST CHAPTER ON FRIDAY AND THEN FILL THIS IN

449 Dror Wahrman 1995, p. ***

450 See the book of the economic historian of Spain, Regina Grafe, ***name it and cite forthcoming, which argue that Spain’s problem was regional power, not the sort of centralism that France has practiced from the 16th century to the present.

451 Goldstone 2009, p. 36.

452 Mill DDDD*** “Labour”

453 Maddison 2001, Appendix B, Table 21, p. 264.

454 Goldstone 2009, p. NNN***.

455 Goldstone 2009 is an excellent guide to the recent scholarship, for example pp. 80-81.

456 Cite*** Sahlins ***

457 Maddison 2001, Appendix B, Table 21, p. 264.

458 Maddison 2007, p. 383 reckons world growth rates at 0.66 per capita 1913-1950, contrasted with 1.31 percent 1870-1913 and 2.91 1950-1973.

459 Maddison 2007, p. 303.

460 Population shares from Maddison 2007, p. 378.

461 Maddison 2007, p. 383. I am aware that China and India should be removed from the 1973-2003 rate to make the hypothetical exact.

462 As among others Sheri Berman (2006) has argued.

463 Yeats, “Fragments” (1928), The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, (Macmillan, 1956), p. 211).

464 Almond and Verba 1963, p. 8.

465 Cite Jacob ***. This is not to say, as Jacob would not either, that the Industrial Revolution much depended on applications of the more advanced scientific findings. It did not until late in the nineteenth century, and in large measure not until late in the twentieth.

466 Hirschman 1977, pp. 9, 12.

467 The Chinese figure is from Fairbank et al. 1989, p. 228. The very much less definite European reckoning comes from Clark 2003, pp. 214-215 and in more detail Simone 2003. The European figures do not include seminaries and merchant academies, which were not small. On the other hand, the examinees in China were older.

468 Fairbank, Reischauer, and Craig 1989, p. 234.

469 Rubin 2008, p. 7. Compare Plato’s hostility to writing.

470 I want to say plainly, in case it is not already plain, how much my thinking has depended on Jack Goldstone’s, summarized in Goldstone 2009.

471 In the scholarly opinion of Hutton (1567), writing to the mayor and council of York: “see I many things that I cannot allow, because they be disagreeing with the sincerity of the Gospel,” that is, with the Protestant reading of it. Cf. Walker’s introduction, p. ix. By the way, following for example the editors of the Oxford Shakespeare, when quoting earlier English I regularly modernize the spelling and punctuation. The past is a foreign country, but the foreignness should be exhibited in its strange behavior and strange ideas, not in its spelling conventions.

472 Quoted in Porter 2000, p. 3. (Jacob quotes it as “a new light” [Jacob 2001, p. 13]). The “affairs of Europe” that Shaftesbury mentions, though, concerned war (of the Spanish Succession), not the economy.

473 Mandeville 1733, II, p. 110.

474 Mandeville 1733, II, p. 118.

475 Mandeville 1733, II, p. 117, 119.

476 Mandeville 1733, II, p. 117.

477 Mandeville 1733, II, p. 111.

478 Mandeville 1733, II, p. 106.

479 Mandeville 1733, I, p. 26.

480 Mandeville 1733, I, p. 24.

481 Mokyr, Gifts of Athena 2002.

482 Porter 2000, p. 22.

483 Porter 2000, p. 15.

484 Fielding 1749, Bk. III, Chp. 3.

485 Diderot 1772 (1796) in Jacob 2001, p. 166; cf. p. 169: “is there anything so senseless as a precept that forbids us to heed the changing impulses that are inherent in our being?”

486 Quoted in Campbell 1999, p. 99, from Vol. 2 of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (Jan. 1, 1735-Dec, 31, 1744 [L. W. Labaree, ed. 1960]). Against my general practice, I have kept some of Franklin’s Capitalization, in order to point to the master Conflict in the eighteenth century between principles of Revelation and principles of Nature.

487 Boswell’s Life (March 27, 1775).

488 Taylor 1989, p. 11.

489 As Maine said at the end of Chapter V of Ancient Law (1861 [1917], p. 100. My usage is anachronistic, because Maine was arguing about the transition from patriarchal law, such as Roman law, to English law c. 1861, in which more people than the paterfamilias (though not yet married women) were able to make “free agreements of individuals.”

490 Johnson