Document 1 Proposal for imo ballast Water Management Convention a-4 Target Species selection criteria

6.2Port-to-port comparisons

6.2.1Setting the scene

Transmission of NIS and CS are considered in this exercise. Further consideration of the spread of native species that include HAOP species needs to embrace viruses, bacteria, parasites and impacting inconspicuous biota. For example, some viruses such as noroviruses, might be transmitted by aerosol from spray. Since the port surveys have not been fully undertaken in the selected ports at the level of Hewitt et al., (2004), or the New Zealand baseline surveys (Morrisey et al., 2007), the ports compared in this study include what is known from the port region and in the vicinity of the port itself. Port surveys may be conducted at different levels according to the finances available to undertake such work (Globallast, 2014), ranging from a rapid assessment of TS to complete accounts of native to non-native biota.

In addition, hydrographic surveys can provide information on which to assess some of the risks identified from port matching and species physiological tolerances (IMO, 2007). National surveys that include biosecurity sampling for phytoplankton and young-fish surveys, as well as other forms of environmental monitoring, may help to supplement species information beyond the immediate area of a port.
In this exercise, we examine the transmissions of TS between two ports within the Baltic Sea LME 23, Klaipeda in Lithuania and Tallinn in Estonia. The second exercise examines the risk of TS transmissions between Klaipeda in Lithuania and Cork Harbour, Ireland within Celtic seas LME 24 of the OSPAR region.
Klaipeda port vicinity

This shallow water port is situated in the narrows of a coastal Lagoon, The Curonian Lagoon, and the open coast. The Lagoon is influenced by freshwater discharges from the Nemunas River and more saline water from the coastal region. Salinities range from 3.5 to 5.5 psu and temperatures and water temperatures of 0.5 to 26° C. There is ice cover from December to April. The tidal range is ~0.1m.

Tallinn Port vicinity

This shallow water port lies on the south side of the Gulf of Finland and normally has ice cover from December to April and water temperatures range from 0.5 to 26° C. Salinities range from 4.6 to 6 psu. The tidal range is in the order of 0.1m but wind surges can create a range of 0.5m. The port is sheltered by a peninsula and islands.

Cork Harbour

This is a large natural sheltered bay and the principal port on the south coast of Ireland. It has a cool temperate climate with sea temperatures ranging from 5 to 19° C; sea-ice does not form in winter. There are occasional deluges of freshwater from the River Lee and the channel is regularly dredged to provide ship access to Cork City. There is a shallow berth in Ringaskiddy and deep-water berths at Cobh and Whitegate. The tidal range within the harbour is up to 4.1m. Seawater enters to the east of the harbor mouth, circulates within the harbour and is discharged on the western side.

6.2.2Within the Baltic Sea LME

Ballast water transmissions of TS between Tallinn and Klaipeda
T The port and vicinity regions of Tallinn, Estonia are compared with Klaipeda, Lithuania. The results indicate a preponderance of species within the Klaipeda region. Tallinn has fifteen recognized species, all recorded from the Klaipeda region. Klaipeda has twenty-one species, six of which are not present in Tallinn (Table 2). The crustaceans in this study will have arrived as a legacy from the stocking of lakes and rivers during the 1960s from the Ponto-Caspian region and will have spread downstream to the Curonian lagoon (the mysid, Hemimysis anomala, and gammarids Obesogammarus crassus, Pontogammarus robustoides and Chelicorophium curvispinum). All of these have some impact, in particular H. anomala which in shallows is nocturnal in behavior. None of the species is known to have an impact on human health but some have recognized impacts at the economic and ecological levels. The bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, an ecosystem engineer, is recognized as having economic and ecological impacts within the Baltic Sea LME and elsewhere. Impacts have not been reported in the Klaipeda port region but do occur nearby within the Curonian Lagoon, most probably as the species is at the lower limit of its physiological range; nevertheless its possible arrival in Tallinn should be flagged. The mud-crab Rhithropanopeaus harrisii can occur in abundance and this has not been reported from the port of Tallinn and its vicinity, although it has appeared recently in local abundance elsewhere in Estonia and in Finland. There is no known risk, based on current information, of an unwanted species arriving in Klaipeda port and vicinity from Tallinn port (Table 2).
Table 2. TS that might have some risk of transmission.


References
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6.2.3Between the Baltic and Celtic seas LME’s

Ballast water transmissions of TS between Klaipeda and Cork Harbour
In Cork Harbour, there are thirty-four species that might be of concern to other ports spanning a wide range of salinities, and greater salinities than in the vicinity of Klaipeda (Table 3). All thirty-four species were evaluated according to the flow chart (Figure 2). The process illustrated in Table 4 revealed five species that are considered to be TS for the Klaipeda Port and vicinity. In the Klaipeda region, there are thirteen TS that might be of concern for Cork Harbour (Table 5). These five TS are added to the thirteen species, known from Klaipeda port and vicinity for the next assessment stage. Of note are two species of dinoglagellate that have cyst ‘beds’ in Cork Harbour and these might endure the lower salinities within the Klaipeda region. Both Alexandrium minutum and A. tamarense produce paralytic shellfish toxins that can result in serious illness in humans (Table 5). The tube worm Ficopomatus enigmaticus can survive in low salinities but might not reproduce under Klaipeda conditions. This species has economic and ecological impacts in many regions with sheltered conditions around the world. In exchange, the goby Neogobius melanostomus carries a particular risk; it is not present in Ireland. All indications suggest this species has been transmitted to some ports in the Baltic Sea by shipping and is a likely candidate for further transmission; conditions in Cork Harbour are suitable for establishment of this fish. The mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii is also a species that could readily become transmitted in ships’ ballast water to Cork Harbour and survive. The crab Eriocheir sinensis would appear to be a casual species in Klaipeda port and vicinity and so may not be able to develop significant propagule pressure to be of risk to Cork Harbour. This species poses a particular risk for other northern European ports. Marenzellaria spp. might already be present in Cork Harbour as there are extensive mud flats where this species could occur. A worm of this genus has been found in another Irish estuary.
While ballast water is a risk for the transmissions of the selected TS, many of these can also be transmitted by hull fouling. Transmissions by hull fouling are significant and management of ballast water alone will not be able to prevent the spread of species to other LMEs.

Table 3. Non-indigenous and cryptogenic species known from Cork harbour and its vicinity. Records also includes species occurring in the Port of Klaipeda which are native to Cork Harbour or have been found elsewhere in Irish waters.

Table 4. Assessment using the flow chart and additional questions to determine the TS of risk of transmission to Klaipeda Port, Lithuania from Cork Harbour, Ireland. Species in bold known to be established in Cork Harbour.

Table 5. TS that might have some risk of transmission.

Assessing the TS
The selection process developed in the port-to-port exercises provides a basis for making a rational decision as to which species are likely to be transmitted and are of concern when transmitted in ships’ ballast water and/or sediments. There are specific difficulties in part of the evaluation regarding which species can be carried in ballast water, especially should there be ballasting in busy shallow-water ports where dredging and other forms of disturbance (e.g. propeller wash) may occur. This is because disturbed sediments can become entrained in the ballasting process along with life history stages that are epibenthic or burrowing.
A further difficulty is the apportionment of overall risk from a particular TS. This is presently not defined to a precise level, possibly leading to blurred decisions in borderline cases where information is either wanting or where the impact is not sufficiently great to warrant a regulation. Nevertheless, we consider human health to be of higher priority than social and cultural impacts and that economy and ecology impact risks lie somewhere in-between, but all have the potential to overlap according to the specific circumstances of a species and port region (Figure 3).
To date, there have been few port surveys worldwide and much of the information needed for species assessments must come from wider regions surrounding selected ports so as to include other survey activities and monitoring activities. It is expected that as a result of future port surveys further TS will emerge for consideration. In the meantime, a precautionary approach is warranted. Accordingly, the exercises developed in this account should be seen as a preliminary attempt to show how a process for selecting TS might operate.
The proposed risk assessment framework was also tested in case of two Baltic ports: Port of Tallinn and Port of Klaipeda, for which NIS/CS recent data are readily available. For the initial species list, NIS/CS in the relevant sub-system/area were considered. Table 2 below indicates that there are only a few species of concern for shipping between these two ports.

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