Georg von Charasoff 17
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only with Julius Wolf, who taught in Zurich from 1888 to 1897, that political
economy became a separate field of study.
27
Wolf’s successor in Zurich was
Heinrich Herkner, who taught theoretical and applied economics as well as public
economics and statistics from 1898 to 1906. Herkner was in turn succeeded in 1907
by the economic historian Heinrich Sieveking, who taught in Zurich until his return
to his home-town Hamburg in 1922.
28
The second economics professor was Joseph
Esslen, a pupil of Lujo Brentano, who taught in Zurich as an extra-ordinary
professor from 1906-12 and as a full professor from 1913-14, when he left for
Berlin. From 1913 onwards, Sieveking’s co-worker was Manuel Saitzew, an
economic historian and historian of economic thought, who succeeded him as a full
professor in 1922 (see Gagliardi et al. 1938: 831-6).
If Charasoff had embarked on the study of ‘Oeconomia publica’ in order to find
economic theorists with whom he could discuss his ideas on Marx’s economic
theory, then his hopes were probably disappointed. Sieveking and Esslen, from
their training and their research interests, presumably were unable to understand
Charasoff’s contributions. It is very likely, however, that in Sieveking’s seminars
Charasoff came into contact with fellow students with a deep interest in Marx’s
economic theories. In his autobiographical reminiscences Sieveking noted about his
teaching in Zurich (without giving a precise date): ‘Apart from the lecture course
I also held a regular seminar, which turned out to be rather lively, because it was not
only attended by the calm and quiet Swiss-men but also by many Russians, who were
still agitated by the revolution of 1905’ (1977: 96-7). In all likelihood, Charasoff also
came in contact with Natalie Moszkowska, who wrote her doctoral dissertation under
Sieveking’s supervision during this period.
29
In her later book Das Marxsche System.
Ein Beitrag zu dessen Ausbau (1929), Moszkowska provided not only a critical
discussion of Tugan-Baranovsky’s and Bortkiewicz’s contributions to the
transformation problem, but also discussed Tugan-Baranovsky’s, Luxemburg’s and
Charasoff’s contributions to the critique of Marx’s crisis theory.
In all probability, the reason for Charasoff’s abrupt termination of his studies in
spring 1912 lies in a tragic personal event. His second wife, Marie von Charasoff,
née Kriegshaber, ‘poisoned herself with cyanide’ (Vormundschaftakten ‘Kinder
Charasoff’, Stadtarchiv Zürich). From the available documents it is not possible to
ascertain whether she poisoned herself accidentally (as a doctor of medicine, she
might well have experimented with poisonous substances for professional reasons)
or rather committed suicide (which seems more likely). In any case, Georg
Charasoff was suddenly left behind with four children, with the youngest one,
Sergius, barely two years old. He appears to have coped with this difficult situation
by giving up his economic studies. He stayed on in Zurich-Oberstrass in
Ottikerstrasse 14 with his four children until February 1915.
9
Charasoff’s Entry for Robert Michels’s Handwörterbuch project
In late 1913 Charasoff was invited by Robert Michels, who had meanwhile become
a professor of sociology at the University of Torino, to make a contribution to a
projected encyclopaedia of sociology, to be entitled Handwörterbuch der
Soziologie. In a letter to Michels of 15 January 1914, which is preserved in the
Roberto Michels Papers at the Fondazione Einaudi in Torino, Charasoff explained
his ideas for an article on ‘Tolstoy’ which he intended to contribute. He pointed out
that he would challenge the prevailing view of Tolstoy as a thinker who stands in
the tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He assured Michels that he was perfectly
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18
History of Economics Review
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aware of the novelty and heretical nature of his views, which ran counter to
dominant readings of Tolstoy’s philosophical position, but that he felt capable of
arguing out his case (‘if sufficient space were available to me’), because he had
‘thoroughly studied this thinker for many years’. Interestingly, Charasoff ended his
letter with the remark:
I would also have liked to contribute something on Marxism, but in this field
I am a heretic as well and I do not want to impose my ideas on others. If you
should be familiar with my book Das System des Marxismus, you would
perhaps let me know which entries in this boundary field in between
sociology and economics you consider to be worthy of my labour. (Roberto
Michels Papers, Fondazione Einaudi, Torino)
This remark shows that Charasoff still entertained some hopes in 1914 that he could
bring his ideas on the Marxian theory of value and distribution to the attention of a
larger academic audience. With the collapse of Michels’s Handwörterbuch project (for
which, besides the outbreak of World War I, also Max Weber’s and Ferdinand
Tönnies’s refusals of contributing major entries was responsible), a further attempt of
Charasoff to gain some recognition for his work in economic theory collapsed as well.
10 Charasoff’s Departure from Zurich and Return to Tbilisi
In February 1915 Georg Charasoff travelled to Tbilisi ‘in order to take care of some
financial or legal transactions related to his property’ (Vormundschaftsakten
‘Kinder Charasoff’, Stadtarchiv Zürich), leaving his four children behind in Zurich
under the auspices of Dr Max Husmann, the owner of a private high school and a
close friend of the Charasoff family.
30
On 1 May 1915 Husmann disbanded the
apartment in Ottikerstrasse 14, after Charasoff had informed him by telegram that
for the time being he could not possibly return. The four children were lodged
separately in different families in Zurich, mostly of Russian-Jewish origin, with
Dr Husmann in guardianship of all four children. In the following three years no
further letters or telegrams from Georg Charasoff arrived, and it was not even clear
whether he was still alive. In the revolutionary and post-revolutionary turmoil of 1917
it was rather difficult to obtain any information at all on the situation in Georgia.
Some information about an event that may or may not be related to Charasoff’s
sudden departure from Zurich emerges from a document in the Staatsarchiv Zurich,
which concerns a court decision from the district court Zurich of 24 March 1915
(Urteil des Bezirksgerichts Zürich vom 24. März 1915, ‘Charasoff’, Staatsarchiv
Zürich). Apparently, Charasoff had sacked a housemaid in December 1914 without
giving any grounds. She applied to the local judge, who decided that her
outstanding wage was to be paid to her. Charasoff did not accept this decision and
applied to the next higher court, the ‘Bezirksgericht’. In the court hearing on
24 March (which Charasoff did not attend) it transpired that he had approached the
housemaid sexually, and had apparently sacked her for refusing him. Moreover, the
housemaid’s description of him as an extremely arrogant and self-assured but also
uncontrolled and ill-tempered person was confirmed by several witnesses. The
court sentenced Charasoff (in absentia) to make the outstanding wage payment and
to cover the law costs.
For a full four years, Husmann took care of the Charasoff children. In spring
1919 he then applied for resolution of his guardianship, because he had run into
serious financial problems with his private school. Moreover, he also had
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