Ebbinghaus said this because psychology’s questions go back to the ancients

In 1886, Freud established a practice in Vienna, with treatment of hysteria as his specialty.

• In 1886, Freud established a practice in Vienna, with treatment of hysteria as his specialty.

• By 1889, he concluded that conventional treatments were unhelpful, including baths, massage, electrotherapy, and rest cures.

• He used hypnosis for a while, but became dissatisfied with it because it worked inconsistently with people and their symptoms.

• Finally he concluded that his relationship with the patient was more important than such techniques.

Freud instructed people to remember events associated with the first appearance of symptoms.

• Freud instructed people to remember events associated with the first appearance of symptoms.

• Later he relied more on free association in which patients described whatever came into their minds.

• Freud & Breuer published a book on Anna O and four other patients: Studies in Hysteria.

• Breuer emphasized catharsis but Freud emphasized the therapeutic relationship, describing transference and counter-transference.

• Their friendship was damaged by this.

Freud’s friendship with Wilhelm Fliess (1858-1928), a physician interested in sexual behavior, likely contributed to development of his seduction theory.

• Freud’s friendship with Wilhelm Fliess (1858-1928), a physician interested in sexual behavior, likely contributed to development of his seduction theory.

• Fliess related nasal irritation to hysterical symptoms and sexual irregularities, using cocaine for diagnosis.
• Fliess considered people bisexual and said that events in early life can have lasting effects.

• Freud’s revised theory said that hysteria was caused exclusively by unconscious memories of sexual pleasure from early childhood – finding 18 cases.

Under strong criticism of the methods used to extract the memories, Freud modified his theory in 1887 but didn’t admit it publically until much later.

• Under strong criticism of the methods used to extract the memories, Freud modified his theory in 1887 but didn’t admit it publically until much later.

• In 1905 he labeled the patients’ recollections as “fictionalized memories” or “fantasies.”

• Since then, a controversy has existed over whether:

• The memories were fantasies or real abuse.
• Freud still believed in his disavowed theory but yielded to pressure.

• Recanting changed the focus of psychoanalysis.

The Interpretation of Dreams – dreams provide a “royal road” to the unconscious.

• The Interpretation of Dreams – dreams provide a “royal road” to the unconscious.

• The Psychopathology of Everyday Life – slips of the tongue, temporary memory failures and trivial mistakes are symptoms of unconscious dynamics.

• Husbands who repeatedly lose their wedding rings.

Psychosexual stages:

• Psychosexual stages:

• Oral, anal, phallic,latent, genital
• Each embodies a conflict between gratification of instincts and limitations of the external world.
• Unsuccessful resolution results in fixation and prevents progress to the next stage.

• Oedipal conflict in phallic stage – boy wants to replace his father with his mother.

• Electra conflict – the same thing for girls (Freud preferred to call it castration complex).

Starting in 1902, five men met weekly – the Wed Psychoanalytical Society, later the Vienna Society.

• Starting in 1902, five men met weekly – the Wed Psychoanalytical Society, later the Vienna Society.

• Alfred Adler broke off in 1911 to found individual psychology emphasizing social factors.

• Karl Jung, first an admirer, was expelled in 1914.

• Loyal: Rank, Abraham, Ferenczi, Sachs, Jones.

• Anna Freud developed analytical techniques for children, play therapy, dedicated her life to Freud.

• Karen Horney challenged Freud’s antifeminist bias.

After WWI, Freud was famous & in great demand as an analyst. He treated many patients because he needed the money.

• After WWI, Freud was famous & in great demand as an analyst. He treated many patients because he needed the money.

• Analysis with Freud was different than current practice.

• In 1933, psychoanalysis was branded “Jewish science” and banned in Germany.

• The Nazis were pressured to release Freud and his family in 1938 – they fled to London.

• Freud died at age 83 in 1939 after being given several injections of morphine to end his great pain.

Functionalists were the first major non-German school of psychology.

• Functionalists were the first major non-German school of psychology.

• They were interested in studying the functions of the mind and the adaptive value of consciousness.

• These concerns were a product of the intellectual climate of the 19th century, dominated by Darwin’s theory of evolution.

• Their work was later extended by the American functionalists at the Univ. of Chicago and Columbia.