So the states established large custodial institutions.
Despite campaigns like that of Beers, founder of the mental hygiene movement, support for mental institutions declined with the Depression & WWII.In 1949 no state hospital met APA minimal standards of operation.Deinstitutionalization policies in the 1970s led to release of former patients who were then left without supervision or support to become homeless.- California went from 40,000 to 5,000 beds under Governor Ronald Reagan.
Witmer founded the first psychological clinic at the Univ. of Pennsylvania in 1896. Witmer founded the first psychological clinic at the Univ. of Pennsylvania in 1896.- Though trained in experimental psych, he believed that psychology must help people like the mentally ill.
- He encountered resistance from people who wanted to keep therapy within medicine.
Witmer treated children with speech defects, developmental delays or reading problems.He published 2 papers on intelligent behavior in a chimpanzee “Peter”.
Psychosurgery – Moniz drilled holes in the skull & inserted an instrument to cut nerve tissue – a frontal lobotomy (leucotomy). Psychosurgery – Moniz drilled holes in the skull & inserted an instrument to cut nerve tissue – a frontal lobotomy (leucotomy).- His successes were ambiguous, he ignored side effects, but the procedure became widely practiced.
- Fulton, Freeman & Watts popularized it in the USA.
Induction of insulin coma or convulsions (ECT). Only ECT has been found to have therapeutic value.Psychoactive drugs, especially lithium for manic-depression, have provided relief for some disorders
Mesmer reported use of magnets to cure sickness and disease. He found that people would go into a trance when stroked by a magnet. Mesmer reported use of magnets to cure sickness and disease. He found that people would go into a trance when stroked by a magnet.- He was kicked out of medical school and founded his own clinic where he practiced mesmerism (animal magnetism).
A French commission investigated him and decided he was a quack – ultimately he was driven out of France.Several surgeons used mesmerism during surgery.
James Braid first used the term hypnosis in 1843. James Braid first used the term hypnosis in 1843.- He used fixation and suggestion, not magnets to induce trance. His goal was scientific description not advocacy.
Liebault and Bernheim combined hypnosis with drugs and founded an important center for the treatment of psychosomatic illness in Nancy, France.Charcot operated a hypnosis clinic in Paris visited by Sigmund Freud who hoped to use hypnosis to treat hysterical patients.
Freud’s early career choices were limited by anti-semitism so he chose medicine at Univ. of Vienna. Freud’s early career choices were limited by anti-semitism so he chose medicine at Univ. of Vienna.- His favorite professor was Brentano, the philosophical follower of Wundt who emphasized mental acts.
- He also did neurological research under Brucke.
- Military service delayed his graduation until 1881.
He spent 5 months working in the psychiatric clinic of Theodor Meynert where he encountered hysterical patients.
Anna O. was the name given to preserve the confidentiality of Bertha Pappenheim. Anna O. was the name given to preserve the confidentiality of Bertha Pappenheim.Pappenheim had developed a number of hysterical symptoms after the death of her father, which were successfully treated by Breuer.- When she recalled the circumstances giving rise to each symptom, she experienced strong emotion which Breuer called catharsis – a release of emotional tension.
- His technique of talking about her symptoms was called the “talking cure.”
In 1884, Freud became an enthusiastic user and advocate for cocaine, which was viewed a wonder drug with no drawbacks. In 1884, Freud became an enthusiastic user and advocate for cocaine, which was viewed a wonder drug with no drawbacks.- By 1885 cases of addiction were being reported.
- Ultimately he renounced it and was lucky to escape becoming addicted himself.
He was a heavy smoker (20 cigars a day) who could not stop, even when diagnosed with the mouth cancer that finally killed him.
In 1885-6, Freud received a grant from the Univ. of Vienna to study hysteria and hypnosis with Charcot. In 1885-6, Freud received a grant from the Univ. of Vienna to study hysteria and hypnosis with Charcot.Freud saw his demos of removal of hysterical symptoms using hypnotic suggestion and his claim that these symptoms had a psychological cause.- Checkerboard anesthesias or paralyses did not follow anatomical principles.
- He translated Charcot’s book “On Male Hysteria” which was poorly received because it focused on men, although this is disputed by Sulloway.
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